Education is key to knowledge that strengthens the...

Education is key to knowledge that strengthens the perspectives, skills, and abilities of learners to participate in different aspects of life, including society, arts, politics, and economics. Knowledge is power to interact, discover, preserve or change various things in life. Children around the world vary in their opportunities to education because of factors including culture, socioeconomic conditions, and policies. Poverty disadvantages education in that it results in difficulties with expenses, poor resources, few transportation opportunities, poor technology, crammed schools, little individual attention and support by teachers and or parents (Frankema 2008). Health problems also affect children’s abilities to take opportunity of†¦show more content†¦Education here is defined as the acquiring of knowledge formally in an academic setting. Measurements focus on primary gross enrollment. Primary education in Latin America includes children of ages 4-14 including elementary and sometimes middle school. Global Trends Countries in Latin America’s overall enrollment rates increased the most, due to the sharp increases in secondary and tertiary enrollment (Wils Goujon 1998; Frankema; Benavot et al 1988). Primary enrollment rates increased similarly with other developed countries (Wils Goujon 1998). From 1870-1940, increase in mass education was most prominent in Eastern Europe and Central America, but less evident in South America, the Caribbean, and Middle East/North Africa region (Aaron, et al 1988). Levels of primary enrollment were greater in industrialized, economic based independent countries in contrast to agricultural based, low economic development countries (Aaron, et al 1988). Overall, mass primary education growth was â€Å"much more uneven, tentative, and varied† these years compared to the years after 1940s (Aaron, et al 1988). Increase in the school population also contributed to this growth (Aaron, et al. 1988). From 1960-1990, Latin America gained around 20 percentage points from 60 to 80 in primary enrollment in students aged 6-11 (Wils Goujon 2014). Areas in Arab states, Southern Asia, and Eastern Asia increased 20-40%, reaching 70-80% enrollmentShow MoreRelatedInequality2240 Words   |  9 PagesVictorian model of a home we can see that the husband was expected to work, and the wife was expected to stay home. The female of the house was also expected to cook, clean and care for the husband and children. Very much as it remains to date. Inequality in the home has many downsides to it. The marriage will not be an equal partnership. The female could feel undervalued, and this in turn could lead to low self esteem and the eventual breakdown of the relationship.   In Kurt Vonnegut’s story,Read MoreInequality : Inequality And Inequality1903 Words   |  8 PagesInequality In regards to inequality, Bhagwati argues that the inequality, which has further been perpetuated by economic globalization, is not a negative occurrence. . Critics of globalization usually point to inequality as a reason to present objections to globalization, however, Bhagwati argues that inequality is not bad at all. Even though economic globalization via trade and corporations will generally benefit the country and lead to an increased GDP , some individuals will attain significantlyRead MoreSocial Inequality : Inequality And Inequality3119 Words   |  13 Pages Core Assessment Paper Carrie Bailey Park University Social Inequality in My Life Social inequality is described by the presence of unequal opportunities and rewards for various social positions or statuses inside a society or group. It contains organized and repetitive examples of unequal distributions of goods, riches, opportunities, prizes, and disciplines. Racism, for instance, is comprehended to be a wonder whereby access to rights and resources is unreasonably disseminatedRead MoreSocial Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay2163 Words   |  9 Pagesn AmericaSocial inequality is defined as the set of unequal for different social classes or statuses for various individuals within a group or society. It usually refers to people of distinct genders, ages and ethnicities. Many American’s have experienced some type of social inequality throughout their lifetime. America’s gaping inequality is seen everywhere from education to the workforce. Society tends to oversee inequality based on race, gender, and other social characteristics believe that racialRead MoreSocial Inequality And Gender Inequality Essay2091 Words   |  9 PagesSocial inequality is defined as the set of unequal opportunities for different social classes or statuses for various individuals within a group or society. It usually refers to people of distinct genders, ages, and ethnicities. Many American’s have experienced some type of social inequality throughout their lifetime. America’s gaping inequality is seen everywhere from education to the workforce. Society tends to oversee inequality based on race, gender, and other social characteristics . AmericansRead MoreEconomic Inequality, Inequality And Inequality952 Words   |  4 Pagesthe OECD, the term inequality in the opposite of equity can be defined as evenness or fairness within the social, political, and economic perspectives. Equity forms the core value of both the western democratic tradition and religions. From the concept of equality, inequality can be described as unfair or uneven treatments of the people within the society or unequal distribution of resources, income, and other factors between different sectors in the society. Inequality can be defined asRead MoreInequality : Inequality And Poverty1729 Words   |  7 Pages Inequality and poverty exist in our society because wealth and opportunity are inherited. If we all entered the world with an equal amount of resources, some would still rise above others but everyone would get the same chance to succeed in life. Since greed is one of the norms of our society, and wealth is passed from generation to generation, there will always be inequality and poverty. The system of wealth and inequality is actually pretty simple. It all boils down to a few things what youRead MoreEssay On Gender Inequality1091 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen many inequalities that the world has been faced with; whether it is race, gender, or ethnic background. I am writing you, the representatives for Equal Rights to discuss an urgent concern of American women in the workplace. Although gender inequality is decreasing, it still exists and makes a lot of people suffer its consequences every day. Gender inequality is unfair rights between male and female based on different gender role s which leads to unequal treatment. Gender inequality has been widelyRead MoreEssay On Gender Inequality1127 Words   |  5 Pagesstill being treated worse than the white males of society. Even today, when white males are typically the leaders of society, it’s not always race and gender that creates inequality; sometimes it’s money that creates the issue. Not just from past evidence, but from present evidence as well, America shows signs of inequality by the way people are taught different at different schools and also by the often occurring shootings, riots, and police brutality incidents happening on a national scale. Read MoreInequality in the Classroom Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of inequality seems to be evident in our classrooms nowadays. It is said that although everyone, regardless of race or religion, have been given equal oppurtunities, the outcome is still imbalanced. Researchers say that this could be due to either biological destiny (/innat e intelligence superiority) or cultural depravation (/cultural superiority). This essay will reflect my views on innate intelligence and cultural superiority in explaining group differences as well as other explanation

The Jewish Neighborhood West Of Toronto - 887 Words

On April 8th, 2016, I went to a Jewish synagogue located close to Highway 403 and Erin Mills Parkway in Mississauga. They are called Solel which stands for â€Å"Your Jewish Home West of Toronto†. Solel was established in the 1970’s greatly to serve Jewish Families in Mississauga and the western Greater Toronto Area. This Jewish community is the modernized Jews who prides on welcoming non-Jews into the community and to the religion itself. Their motto is not to get to know you, meaning they welcome anyone from any religion to come and see how and what they do to perform their service with the offering of coffee and desserts which are very darn hard to say no to. They run many programs throughout the year that primarily focuses on how to perform and fulfill the Jewish/ Hebrew duties. These programs are for everyone from parents to grandparents and to teenagers through to young kids. In these programs they teach, tutor, sing and even play with students, which makes for a lovely environment for experiencing Hebrew duties. A few examples of such programs that I found amazing were the Jewish Information Class (JLC) which basically offers a 30-week course of understanding the religion itself, the Bar/ Bat Mitzvah Preparation, which happens for welcoming a child into adulthood. Soon after these students spend the time with the rabbi to make sure that their experience is meaningful and joyous. By their Bar or Bat Mitzvah day, they believe that these students are able to lead theShow MoreRelatedGentrification And Gentrification Of Gentrification1860 Words   |  8 Pageswith the rich and reorienting the region along upscale lines. Gentrification grant has concentrated on characterizing the term and its starting points, understanding its results and perceiving gentrifiers identity and why and how they gentrify neighborhoods. The dislodging impacts of gentrification have been a focal concentration, despite the fact that in the previous decade researchers have likewise inspected gentrifiers including their inspirations and encounters and how gentrification mirrors theirRead MoreThe Label Gang : A Study Of 1313 Gangs Essay6194 Words   |  25 PagesThe label gang has been applied to various groups including outlaws of the nineteenth-century American West, prison inmates, Mafioso and other organized criminals, motorcyclists, and groups of inner city youths. Despite its divers e application, the term gang almost always connotes involvement in disreputable or illegal activities. Social scientists use the term gang most frequently when describing groups of juveniles. This tendency dates back to Frederic Thrasher s The Gang: A Study of 1,313 GangsRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 Pageslatest news, trend, or scandal in the United States. Then there are those special TV documentaries on problems in America and on the American way of life. We shouldnt forget the many television series, the cops in the big cities, the cowboys out West, the rich in their beds and boardrooms. Popular novels and even comic books which have American scenes and characters sell well in most countries, too. There are posters, feature films, cartoons, greeting cards, bumper stickers and T-shirts with theirRead MoreDollar to Fall as World Currency12311 Words   |  50 Pages(172% higher) Berlin, Germany: $6.82.... ( 151% higher) London: $6.60................(143% higher) Rome, Italy: $6.40............(135% higher) Paris, France: $6.04...........(122% higher) Tokyo, Japan: $5.40..........(98% higher) Toronto, Canada: $3.81......(40% higher) According to the most recent study (March 2011) by Kiplinger s Personal Finance, we pay around $3.61 a gallon on average, here in the U.S. But in Canada, it s $5.56, the French pay a whopping $8.21, the JapaneseRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pageseducation by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sà £o Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Copyright  © 2003 by Ennis Barrington Edmonds The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Fujian. The vast majority went to destinations throughout Southeast Asia. Up to 11 million traveled from China to Singapore and Penang, from where more than a third of them transshipped to the Dutch Indies, Borneo, Burma, and places farther west. Another 8 million to 10 million traveled directly to other Southeast Asian destinations, especially Thailand, 16 †¢ CHAPTER 1 TABLE 1.1: LONG- DISTANCE GLOBAL MIGRATION, 1840– 1940 millions Out of Europe millions 60 UnitedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdrug overdose. b. Davids uncle died of a drug overdose because we know that David predicted two years ago that this is how his uncle would die. c. Look, the coroners report specifically says that Davids uncle is dead. Also, everybody in the neighborhood knows that the uncle did drugs every day. So, his uncle died of a drug overdose. I don’t know what David thinks, though. ────3 Following the rules of logical reasoning comes more easily to some people than to others. All of us, however, are

Aid to the Unprivileged People Free Essays

The Helping Hand The helping hand would be my organization to open up for the people who have low income or needs assistance with their personal business. People with low income or needs assistance sometimes need help paying their light bill, rent, gas bill and etc. I think all people need assistance such as rich or poor people. We will write a custom essay sample on Aid to the Unprivileged People or any similar topic only for you Order Now The rich people do not have the money like they say they do some rich people end up foreclosing their homes because they cannot afford their homes. Today society a lot of different organization gives aid to the people with less income, some think having luxuries are better than going by their basic needs, and some are not equal and do not have the same dignity. The people that have more morally required giving aid to people with less say everyone needs help sometimes. People struggle with kids not Just bills. Some parents cannot afford shoes, clothes, or their kids something to eat. Some organizations such as Salvation Army and churches help needy people or low income people with them and their kids. I think the less fortunate people and the fortunate people need help it does not matter if they are rich or not. People need assistance sometimes even if their check is short or they don’t have enough to pay all of their bills. Yes, it is wrong to enjoy luxuries when others are lacking. Churches are they main suspects, however; they take the money and give to the preachers and first lady when it should be in a fund for families that need assistance. The preachers take the money and buy new suits or a new car instead of putting the money on the church, raising a fund or charity. Christ centers only helps disabled people when I think it should be everybody. We understand that disabled people need help too but other people are struggling every day to make ends meet. Everybody have equal basic moral status which they have the same fundamental rights. The dignity of every person is their concern with how they feel, think, and behave in relation to the worth or value of themselves and other people. To treat a person with dignity is like treating them like being worth or respected individuals. For example, the Christ Center they only help people who are disabled. I think they should help anybody who needs help or struggling to make ends meet. From the moral aspects we are all equal and no one is privileged. Some people feel like they are turned down because of their ethnicity or their bringing home pay. People may make a lot but still have hard ship. People who are turned down are more likely to stress, do something crazy, or let all their belongings be repossessed. People rob banks and other people Just because they think that will help them get back on their feet. Robbing banks and people does not help them get back on their feet because t causes problems such as Jail or end up hurting people. How to cite Aid to the Unprivileged People, Papers

War Of 1812 Brought About Nationalism And free essay sample

Sectiona Essay, Research Paper War of 1812 Brought about Nationalism and SectionalismThe War of 1812 set the phase for Nationalism and Sectionalism because although thebattles where few and far apart, the conflicts, except those in the beginning gave the people of theUnited States something to be proud of because they where able to travel caput to caput with a wellestablished universe power and keep its ain, while protecting our people. At the same clip the USwas divided among traveling to war, and avoiding all war. At the beginning of the war the US was greatly short-handed with less than 7000 fulltime soldiers and merely a smattering of ships. We made make with what we had and managed to putup a battle. One of the first triumphs came when the Battleship USS Constitution sank the Britishfighter Guerriere. This triumph made Americans turn around and state hey, we might hold a chanceif we have some assurance in ourselves. We will write a custom essay sample on War Of 1812 Brought About Nationalism And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some more assurance builders came along whenMacdonough defeated 16 ships on lake Champlain merely 10 ships of his ain, which he turned outin a mere 30 yearss. This show of dedication to the American cause gave people a ground tobelieve. Some Battles that where fought on land brought about some of the most impressivevictories for the short-handed and under powered American Army. The British ground forces came inthrough Chesapeake Bay and marched towards Washington DC, but it was a force of voluntaries, non even a existent trained ground forces, but voluntaries that was able to keep Baltimore after 3 yearss ofbombardment by the British, transfusing pride and a feeling of achievement within Americans.All this inspired led Francis Scott K ey to compose the Star Spangled Banner after the American flag remained after the 3 twenty-four hours barrage by the British, this was a symbol of American strengthand undying will to win. Then Andrew Jackson killed over 2000 British soldiers while losingonly 21 of his own.Although the war was fought, it met great resistance from the people of New England, while it received encouragement from people in the West. New Englanders objected to the warbecause New England s whole economic system was based on trade and ship edifice. War with Britainwould shut down trade with non merely Britain but all of Europe because of the British encirclement ofthe Atlantic Sea. With a encirclement and no manner to merchandise there was no demand for ship building and thewhole New England economic system suffered greatly. It went so far as to make the menace of successionfrom the US by the New England States. The people of the West clamored for war on the otherhand. They wanted war because they saw it as an chance to spread out our boundary lines into Canadaand take Great Britain from North America for good. These two points of position from twodifferent parts of the state efficaciously split the US down the center. American triumphs over Britain created a great trade of pride among Americans. Theywhere the underdog, yet they went up against a major universe power, took there balls, and grewfrom them. Although the East and West had two different sentiments on war they each had validreasons for being for or against war. The entire break of your lively goon would be a ground toavoid war, while the enticement of monolithic sums of land and entire control of a continent is another.

20 Topics for Economics Dissertations Relevant in 2018

20 Topics for Economics Dissertations Relevant in 2018 The economics is the science of finances and growth of the world’s prosperity. The main goal of economics dissertations is to notice the consequences and the tendencies of various economics events that are constantly taking place. There are both micro and macroeconomic events, and all of them have various impact on the growth of prosperity of all countries. The students who are supposed to write a dissertation in economics have got a vast field of opportunities to explore, and there are thesis topics for economics which are worthy of investigation. Some students prefer to explore the existing tendencies in the world, while others are interested in a practical part and the development of new business technologies, plans, and models. Here you will find the list of economics dissertation topics that are applicable for 2018. Make sure to support them with strong facts though. 20 Topics for Effective Economics Dissertations Is the Worldwide Internet Affecting the Local Proximity and Contributing the Growth of Economic Level The Creation of Effective Business Incubators to Increase the Productivity of IT Sphere in Third-World Countries The Reasons for Regional Divergence in the Selected Countries and the Comparison between Poor and Well-Developed Regions The Calculation of Brexit with Potential Losses for European Union within Ten-Year Period The Perspectives of Installation Large Business Conglomerates in Small Countries to Generate Extra Work Places The Utilization of Farming Economics-Implication into Public Institutions Sector as Means of Economic Development in Agrarian Countries Illegal-Mining Installments and Their Harm for the Development of the Selected Country’s Economic Level The National Financial Subsidies for Developing Businesses as Effective Means of Increasing an Overall Financial Rate of the Country The Behavioral Analysis of Buying Capability among the Consumers of the G6 Countries and Countries of the Third World Nonstandard Economical Approaches That Were Brought by Emigrants to the US and Their Contribution to Economic Prosperity Critical Analysis of Enterprise Activity within Rural and Urban Areas of Asian Countries The Direct Correlation between Economic Convergence and the Salary Levels in the United States Basic Pricing Models from the Point of View of the Investors and How They Impact the Economic Growth of the Country The Analysis of Current Family Businesses State and the Impact of Large Holdings on the Small Business Sector The Modern Job Market Analysis within the Period of 20 Years – the Most Applicable Professions of Nowadays The Unemployment Level in the United States and the Means of Effective Regulation Correlation between the Economic Systems of the World and Their Impact on Each Other   The Dependence of Industrial Region of the Selected Country on the Amount of Average Regional Salary The Evolution of the World’s Consumption Policy – the Changes That Took Place During the Last Decade The Shocking Therapy – the Potential Application for the Development of the Economics in the Countries of the Third World Sample Essay: The Impact of Samurai Style Corporate Model on Japanese Economics The usage of national traditions and peculiarities of working power may serve as one of the characteristic features of the Japanese model of economic development. For a long time, in Japan, a long-life recruitment was propagandized. Huge corporations, which are able to build a career-oriented pyramid and guarantee the employment, have more possibilities to fulfill this principle, unlike small and medium companies. It’s evident that neither companies nor the legislation have the distinct rules requiring the demand for all lifelong. However, both employees and administration consider continuing work as a part of the collective employment agreement. The government in an effort to support the employment with the help of a subsidiary system also means the principle of working for many years at one company. So comparing to other countries, the problem is in the longer recruitment. In 1981, the part of retired workers was 16%. It means that for 3 years half of all the workers were retired. Mainly, these were young people. Unchanging workers compile 20-30% of workers. Employment period influences the level of the salary. It grows the fastest in average age. Various additional payments are added to the base rate. Working relations are built on the philosophy â€Å"the company is our home†. The usage of men power is mainly based on the concept of â€Å"human potential†. On the cusp of the 60s and 70s, many Japanese companies made a conclusion that the worker receives more pleasure from the working process when it is characterized by the diversity. Then they refused using conveyor lines at assembly operations to the benefit of rotatory tables where one person collected the whole bloc. This way, the worker may determine the specifics, schedule, elements of quality control, expenses, safety, etc. As a result of the enforcement of technological operations, the flaw lowered from 6% to 0.3%, workforce productivity raised by 20%, and prime cost lowered by 30%. The core of organization and governing are small self-governing groups. They embrace the entire company in the vertical and horizontal direction. Each group is placed into such conditions that constantly stimulate reaching to perfection and searching for the most effective means of the equipment utilization. The working group participates in making decisions regarding the further development and issues which can affect the group. The position of a female labor force is on a totally different level. Most of the companies accept female workers only as hour or daily workers. They are the first candidates for firing if it is necessary for the company. The Japanese mentality considers women the housewives, and when they are fired, it doesn’t influence the level of unemployment, so the official national level of employed population is constantly at the highest level in the world. Moreover, the salary level of females is twice as lower than that of males for the same type of a job. A long-term working day is a characteristic trait of Japan. The men in Japan work 10 hours more per week than average men in Europe and the USA. People show such desire to work due to special bonus systems and overtime that are serving as a serious extra salary. It increases the overall productivity of workers to a greater extent. The best thing about Japanese work system is a low difference level between low and top-rank workers where we can observe 10 times difference, while in the US, this salary difference is over 100 times. To conclude everything, the Japanese labor model seems extremely effective, but it was based on the historical background and can be applied for people with the same mentality, and only then, it will work the way it should. References: Jessica R. Nicholson. Recent Economic Trends in Manufacturing. U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration Office of the Chief Economist.  esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/recent-trends-in-manufacturing_0.pdf The Report of United Nations. World Economic Situation and  Prospects 2018.  https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/WESP2018_Full_Web-1.pdf Ana Rute Cardoso Institute for Economic Analysis (CSIC) and IZA Paulo Guimares University of South Carolina and IZA. Trends in Economic Research: An International Perspective.  http://ftp.iza.org/dp4785.pdf Hiten Amin Reports Tokyo, Japan. Traditional Employment Practices in Japan.  disc.co.jp/en/resource/pdf/TraditionalEmployment.pdf Web Japan. Japan Employment Fact Sheet.  http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e39_employment.pdf

Starbucks Financials Essays

Starbucks Financials Essays Starbucks Financials Paper Starbucks Financials Paper Starbucks Corporation My Case 7 Spring 2007 Discount Rates in Valuation Discount rates play a key role in the valuation of discounted cash flows. Three rates are generally used to calculate the present value of future cash flows: the cost of equity (Ke), the weighted-average cost of capital (WACC), and the unlevered cost of capital (Ku). The Cost of Common Equity The cost of common equity is the building block for all of the other discount rates. The cost of common equity is based on the expectations that Starbucks’ investors have about the return they want for their common stock investment. The cost of common equity is used in the dividend discount model and the flows to equity model because these models are related to common equity holders only. The cost of equity is measured by adding the risk free rate to the product of the market premium and Starbucks’ Beta. In formula: Ke = rf + Mr? Starbucks Ke rf14. 76% Mr25. 00% ?30. 75 Ke8. 51% Weighted-Average Cost of Capital The weighted average cost of capital is used in the free cash flow model and the residual income model. The WACC is just how it sounds. It is a weighted-average of the costs of common equity, after-tax debt, after-tax NonOp (treated as negative debt), other capital claims, and preferred stock. The weighting given to each cost is in proportion to total capital. The example above would be a four factor model. Starbucks uses a four factor model because it issues no preferred stock. Ke8. 51% Kd43. 58% KNonOp56. 34% KMinority8. 1% tc635% Starbucks’ WACC: FVWeightCostTotal Debt$702,7200. 033. 58%0. 095% NonOp(146,849)-0. 016. 34%-0. 035% Minority Interest 124,147 0. 018. 51%0. 040% Common Equity 25,762,301 0. 978. 51%8. 291% Total Capital$26,442,3191. 008. 391%WACC Unlevered Cost of Equity This is the cost of equity the firm would have if it were financed entirely with common equity. This rate is used in the adjusted present value model. The unlevered beta must be found to calculate this rate. In order to calculate unlevered ? we must also calculate t*, which is the net gain in value per dollar of corporate debt as a result of income tax savings. Starbucks t*: tc35. 00% te715. 00% td835. 00% t* = 1-[(1- tc)(1- te)/(1- td)] t* = 1-[(1-. 35)(1-. 15)/(1-. 35)] t* = . 15 Starbucks Unlevered ? : ?L0. 75 d0. 03 ?u = ? L [(1-d)/(1-(dt*)] ?u = . 75[(1-. 03)/(1-. 03(. 15))] ?u = . 73 Starbucks’ Unlevered Cost of Equity rf4. 76% Mr5. 00% Ku = rf + Mr? u Ku = . 0476 + . 05(. 73) Ku = 8. 41% Footnotes and Sources 1. I found the daily 30 year Treasury bond rate that was closest to Starbucks’ fiscal year end. ttp://www. federalreserve. gov/releases/h15/data/Business_day/H15_TCMNOM_Y30. txt. or treas. gov/offices/domestic-finance/debt-management/interest-rate/yield_historical_2006. shtml 2. Premium given in class discussions 3. From Value Line report dated 12-8-2006 4. Starbucks 10-K 2006, Note 10, 5. 5% * (1-. 35) 5. Ke formula with ? = 1, then multiplied by (1-. 35) 6. Corporate marginal tax rate from class 7. Capital gains tax rate from class 8. Individual marginal tax rate from class

The decline of manufacturing sector in U.S.A. has been compensated by Essay

The decline of manufacturing sector in U.S.A. has been compensated by a growing service sector - Essay Example United States has for more than three decades witnessed growth in its service sector and a converse trend in manufacturing. This has been the trend for many high income countries as they have been shifting reliance from manufacturing to service. This is a post-industrialization trend where people’s income continues to rise with less interest in investment in material processing The current trend has been more investment or shift to health care, education, insurance and others. It is important to mention that employees’ productivity grows slowly in the service sector than in the manufacturing the reason being low mechanization in service processes. Services therefore become more expensive which results in them contributing a higher portion of US GDP (Gallaher 49). This trend has also resulted to having higher employment in service sector than in the mechanized manufacturing sector. The service sector is now leading while manufacturing is declining with former compensatin g for the decline. The service sector capitalizes in production of intangible commodities in health, information and communication, education and others (Triplett and Bosworth 64). Globalization has been one of the key factors towards the shift from manufacturing to service. Manufacturing firms have been relocating to other countries mostly in the developing economies which either have more people in the low-income or middle-income bracket. Countries like China and India have for the last two decades been encouraging foreign investments through various incentives like tax holidays and low wages for workers. American government in turn is trying to develop policies that will see most of its citizens above the minimum wage bracket; a move that is driving industries to foreign countries. The service sector is labor intensive and it requires highly skilled personnel therefore raising the need to have quality and sustainable education. Also due to globalization many skilled immigrants ha ve come to the United States to seek jobs in the service sector resulting to high brain drain especially in the developing nations (Gallaher 130). Global trends also dictate firms to engage in more environmentally friendly activities and the service sector has come to solve this problem. The service sector engages in more human capital than natural. This has made United States to have heated debates regarding quality of education so as to have more skilled human capital (Gallaher 89). The general lack of undue intervention in the natural resources reduces environmental degradation which is more prone with manufacturing firms. Environmental consciousness has therefore caused investors to shift their investments to more environmentally friendly businesses. Statistics show that in the turn of the 20th century America’s manufacturing and agricultural sectors had taken more than 75 percent of the GDP while in the turn of the 21st century the service sector had more than 60 percent contribution (Triplett and Bosworth 106). This is a huge turn of events considering that it is a gap of just a century. It is within this century that America’s economy grew tremendously into the current post-industrialization era. The above statistics show that to a large extent the service sector is surely filling the gap left with the decline in the manufacturing sector. The world economy has in the last four decades experienced turbulence of booms and decline which have affected the two sectors differently. The manufacturing sector over this period has been heavily affected and shrunk as a result (AIER 2006). The recent economic crisis of 2008 heavily affected industries like motor vehicle manufacturers leading to closure of many plants, takeovers, bailout programs and many other negative occurrences. In the recovery trend the service sector has been seen to recover quickly than the manufacturing

Individual marketing strategy and plan for launching Starbucks in Essay

Individual marketing strategy and plan for launching Starbucks in India - Essay Example The aim of the paper is to identify strategies for Starbucks so as to enter the Indian market and capture the major chunk from its existing players. The paper has certain limitations which include availability of data and time available to complete the paper. The timing of Starbucks to enter the market has approached as out of 1.2 billion of population majority of it consist of youth which is the target market for coffee houses therefore the market is huge and is already being attracted and loyal to existing players. Plus the existing players are expanding to its fullest highlighting that market is yet to be saturated but currently have lot of potential. Because Starbucks have what is needed to enter such tea drinkers market it is the right time for them to launch their product in India especially when they are already experienced with facing a tea drinker nation and capturing market there. Conducting a brief market analysis it can be seen that competition is tough due to players being in market since a long time, on the same time buyers and suppliers have strong say in the market because of suppliers being limited in number and buyers having lot of options. Moreover, the potential of new entrants is also high but those with excessive cash can enter easily and lastly the substitute’s availability which is also there in form of fast food restaurants providing highly processed coffee. The suitable location for Starbucks would be Mumbai and New Delhi due to the target market which is the youth and bother these cities have lot of big companies’ offices and call centers plus are hot spots to tourists (Paunikar 2004). To capture the market the coffee maker needs to come up with innovative ideas such as bank with in cafà © of Barista coffee or co-branding with banks for credit cards, etc. (Tribhuvan, 2007) Furthermore, because the customers are extremely price sensitive proper pricing strategy needs to be placed so as to be successful in this

Russell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Russell - Assignment Example of this problem, the obvious stance is to hold it improbable or impossible for any deity to be attributed with such qualities as omnipotence, omniscience and endless benevolence. According to the problem of evil, if indeed there existed an infinitely compassionate creator, then such undesirable outcomes like deathly famines, wars and other forms of catastrophe – including the notion of hell would not have been present in the universe that He created. Thus, according to the problem of evil, the notion of God’s creations and the perceived act of his judgment upon his creators seem to be contradictory. If indeed God had the power to create, he equally had the ability to ensure that whatever he created will submit only to His will thus eliminating the possibility of evil. If God existed and he is indeed the creator, then it would be a moral disgrace for him to keep on permitting the many evils that are present in the world – such is the stance taken by Russell. In his article, The Perennial Problem of Evil, Mark Piper best captures this dilemma by equating the coexistence of both God and evil to parents who willfully allow a nursery school t o be infested by pedophiles. Such is the contradicting nature of the existence of a powerful God who always means well and the simultaneous existence of evil that constitutes the problem of evil. Leibniz approaches the problem from the underachiever perspective. This perspective postulates that the only outcome for having a God who is against evil and evil itself in the same world can only mean that God has indeed come short. Such a proposition will further discount the popularly held believe of the existence of an all-powerful and supreme being. Leibniz argues that God put his best work in creating this world, with the presence of evil or otherwise. As long as humans are not privy to the happenings in any other world out there, then ours will remain the best world and the existence of evil makes it so. Although God

Occupational Safety Analysis for Pilot

Occupational Safety Analysis for Pilot For a pilot, there are many risks in his working environment to which he is exposed to. A pilot while operating an airplane might be exposed to ultraviolet radiations, ambient noise, various communicable diseases etc. The main aim of Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 was majorly towards a safer and healthier working environment that could be insured for the workers (association, 2012). The main reasons for which Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) were created was for development and enforcement of health and safety norms and standards for the workplace. OSHA works to provide employers and airline industry workers with information and assistance to help create a healthy and safe working environment.Under this act it is the responsibility of the employer to provide a safe and healthy workplace which is free from serious recognized hazards to all its employees. According to Canada Labor Code (the Code) it is required that employers under federal jurisdiction provide their employees for health and safety of their lives. There are many committees for the purpose of ensuring healthier and safer working environment also there is a representative who is being appointed for the same purpose concerned to health and safety . The Canada Labor Code also provides that a health and safety officer should be appointed by the labor minister . The officer has investigation right to investigate upon the workplace conditions and various related issues towards health and safety of employees and the officer can also recommend noncompliance prosecution . The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) 1970 was created for ensuring safe and healthy working environment for all workers in The United States (OSHA, 2010) . The OSH led to the establishment of The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for the purpose with authority to develop and enforce desirable standards for health and safety in the workplace. Under the OSH act there was also establishment of The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as an active Disease Control and Prevention centers. NIOSH is responsible for conducting various researches and for providing recommendations with regard to workplace for the prevention of injuries and illness. There are many environmental hazards to which the flight deck crews are found to be exposed to, one of them is galactic radiation; which is very much harmful with exposure to higher level of altitudes and latitudes. It has been indicated by studies that there is an increase in malignancies with increasing exposure among the flight crew members. Another hazard to which they are exposed to is ozone, which at typical flight levels might exceed the federal limits. It can even cause headaches and some kind of respiratory illness, it has even been even linked to cancer. Airborne contagious diseases if exposed to is also a health threat, which can be caused if being exposed either to passengers or to crew members and can be even caused by making use of contaminated oxygen mask. Apart from these environmental hazards, there are many operational conditions to which flight crew members might be exposed to over a period of time, that could be harmful to health. For example, for pilots combating fatigue is the matter of constant battle, in various short haul operations with mainly short flight legs (Geneva, 2013) . It has been determined by the FAA that the workplace for on-board crew members in civil,commercial aircrafts is different significantly from the non-aviation workers’s workplace and the FAA must take up steps for setting up regulations for the purpose of addressing these concerns. The regulations and guidance material has been issued by the FAA that affect the flight attendants workplace and the workplace of other persons for whom his workplace is an aircraft in operation. This kind of regulatory material pays attention towards addressing protective equipment of breathing for crew members; crew members’s emergency exits; seat belts for crew members ; characteristics of various materials in the workplace of crew member ; reducing noise; smoke evacuation; concentration of carbon monoxide, cabin zone and carbon dioxide; proper heating, ventilation, and pressurization; proper availability of required first aid, various medical equipment, protective gloves; and interference with the crew members to be prohibited. FAA advisory materials also addresse the issues related to exposure to radiation of the crew members, first-aid programs in an air-carrier, and blood borne pathogens exposure. The FAA has not yet enforced regulations and adequate guidance material for addressing safety and health issues that are associated with the working conditions in an aircraft for employees, even including the flight deck crew. The mission of FAA’s Aerospace Medicine (AAM) office is to enhance safety of aerospace through surveillance, education, medical standards, research and prevention of illness. The AAM, headed by the federal air surgeon, under the oversight of the associate administrator for aviation safety has a vision for promoting aviation safety for the American public and many people who are totally relying upon the aviation industry for business, pleasure, and commerce. The Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI), of the FAA is located in Oklahoma, is an occupation, medical certification, education,research wing of Aerospace Medicine. The FAA has developed various health standards to ensure the safety of all crew members and all people who fly. It is necessary that all aviators should be medically certified to be fit to fly; annually about a half million of medical certificates have been issued. The FAA and OSHA, signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) at the urging of Congress in which they agreed that both the FAA and OSHA would work collectively in the airline industry to enhance their employee safety and health. Both the FAA and OSHA in the MOU have agreed to the establishment of a procedure for employees working conditions in operation in the airline. In the MOU, an aircraft has been defined by the FAA as being â€Å"in operation† from the time the first crew member boards it in preparation for flight till the time after completion of flight last crew member leaves that flight. It has been recognized by the MOU that for the FAA and OSHA it is very important to work together in order to ensure that one agency does not block the other agency’s regulations application unnecessarily. The FAA and OSHA have been called by MOU for the establishment of a procedure for enforcing OSH through proper coordinating and supporting each other. Act with regard to improving upon the working conditions of employees in operation in aircraft and resolving various jurisdictional questions has been required. A team of representatives of FAA and OSHA is required to identify the factors which are to be considered for determining OSH requirements that can be applied to the employees working condition on aircraft in operation . It is required by the Congress that the FAA should promote the use of U.S. airspace in a safe and efficient way. CAMI promotes aviation safety through various number of medical education programs of aerospace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act and Executive Order Occupational Safety and Health Programs for Federal Employees is responsible for mandating theses programs. They even provide professional advice and advice related to technical knowledge to various federal air surgeons and various other officials of agency . Bibliography association, A. p. (2012). Enhancing Pilots’ Occupational Safety. Washington. Geneva, I. l. (2013). Kenya. OSHA, F. /. (2010). Application of OSHA’s Requirements to Employees on Aircraft in Operation.

Free College Admissions Essays: Summer Camp Entrepreneur :: College Admissions Essays

Summer Camp Entrepreneur The first wedding that I planned was in no way a traditional wedding. Ten eager little girls decorated the printed invitations with sequins, buttons, and markers. The same energetic hands prepared the wedding feast, consisting of bagged lunches, blintz soufflé, and of course a layer cake. On the big day I looked around with excitement. Again, I noticed something odd about this wedding. All the participants and guests appeared about four feet high. The "groom" had long hair pinned up with brown lines on her face (was that supposed to be a beard?) The wedding location, a back yard with a swing set and a wading pool, seemed far from romantic. This wedding however was not supposed to be one of those types of weddings. As I pressed the "PLAY" button on the tape recorder I knew that ten 4-6-year-old girls cared deeply about this wedding. Despite the absence of a reason for celebration, I pulled all the girls into the circle and we started dancing and clapping to the music. The energ y that went into the preparation on previous days could finally be appreciated. My campers and I not only celebrated the accomplishment of the mock wedding, we celebrated the fun and excitement we experienced for the first three weeks in Camp Glitter Girls. I had begun preparing for Camp Glitter Girls over four months before by budgeting, sending out fliers, confirming registration and finally making sure that every camper would have the time of her life. As I danced, I celebrated the times I almost lost my patience but didn't, the times that I planned activities late into the night because I knew that only an organized schedule would ensure the success of my camp. The lessons I had learned from previous summer camps contributed greatly to this camp's success. At the age of thirteen, I first ran a camp for eight children. The next year a friend and I co-managed a camp for twenty children at a small school campus. Finally at the age of fifteen I created my most challenging summer camp with thirty-five children. In just three years the size of my camp tripled and so did the life lessons. I not only carried the responsibility for my own "bunk," but with my co-manager I hired other counselors, arranged busing to and from field trips, managed a $15,000 budget, and ensured that thirty-five children had a fun summer.

Communication Clashes and Aircraft Crashes Essay

One of the most dangerous conflicts and errors man could ever have is flying a large aircraft with airy heads and angry mouths. This happened in one of the flights of the Korean Airlines particularly the Korean Airlines flight 2033, an Airbus A300 which happened four years ago. Piloted by Captain Barry Woods, a Canadian national and co-piloted by a Korean national Chung Chan Kuy. The clashed between the two started when the Airbus was approaching a rain slicked airport when Co-pilot Chung asked Captain Woods to â€Å"go around† because he is hesitant to land the craft due to insufficient distance of Runway 6 of Cheju Airport in South Korea. The captain did not mind his Co-pilot’s concern regarding the runway and told his Co-pilot to get off while flying the through a tropical storm with up to 30 mph gusting winds. On the runway, Co pilot Chung pulled the plane off when the plane has touched the ground that made the Pilot Woods furious about what Chung has done and instructed the cockpit crew to open the cockpit window and get their evacuation slides. Being in the matter of life and death situation made these two pilots unmindful of whatever positions they have. They even forgot to follow the standard operating procedures, protocols or guidelines that the cockpit crew should follow during emergency situations. In this incident, the Co-pilot insubordinates his superior by not following the captain’s call or decision making them clash putting their passengers’ life at risk. The Co-pilot’s action in this situation drifted the pilot’s decision in landing the craft safely and made it more dangerous for the lives of their passengers because of unethical insubordination the Co-pilot has caused. Chung might have thought that landing the craft in a slippery and short runway would led to accidental landing so he decided to pull off the plane without his captain’s orders causing them to argue on this matter. Imagining the situation while on board a beleaguered airbus, the cockpit crew might have been hesitant to land the aircraft due to the raging storm and miscalculated the runway making the two pilots disagree whether to land or abort the landing. Being board on a troubled plane triggered uncontrollable conflicts or disagreements because of the tensed and uneasy situation. In whatever situation man would be, crew or staff, especially those on board the plane or ship maybe, the staff should have the instinct to be calm in whatever situation they might be and practice the standard operating procedures or protocols that they had undergone during trainings and execute the emergency procedures effectively and efficiently to avoid further accidents and they should always follow instructions given by their superiors no matter what happen because they were trained to do so. References Fatal Words – Communication Clashes and Aircraft Crashes, (1994), Steven Cushing, University of Chicago Press http://www. airdisaster. com/cvr/kal2033. shtml http://www. airfleets. net/vcrash/crash_report_Korean%20Air_HL7296. htm http://www. planecrashinfo. cpm/1994/1994-50. htm

Verb Conjugation Instructions for ESL Students

Verb Conjugation Instructions for ESL Students Learning how to conjugate verbs in English is not as difficult as many think. The key to learning how to conjugate verbs in English is to focus on how to conjugate the auxiliary verb. What are auxiliary verbs? Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. They are verbs that help the main verb. All tenses in English conjugate using an auxiliary verb. Only the present simple and the past simple in the positive form takes no auxiliary verb! Follow these easy steps on how to conjugate verbs, and youll conjugate verbs in English with ease. Learn how to identify the main verb in a sentence. Verbs express what someone or something does. Look for the verb that expresses the action of the sentence.Decide on when the action takes place. Does it take place in the present, the past, or the future?Once you have discovered the general time, find out the specific time. Is the action happening at the moment? Does the action happen every day? Has the action happened up to a point in the past, present or future?If the action happens regularly or is a habit, use the present simple verb form: For example: He doesnt work on Saturdays. They play football after school. etc.If the action happens once in the past at a specific point in time, use the past simple. For example: They went to school when they were young. Did Mary visit you last week?If the action happens up to a point in time use a perfect form: present perfect, past perfect, or future perfect. For example: She has worked her for many years. They had finished lunch by the time he arrived. Mary will have finished the report by five pm. If the action is happening at a specific moment in time use a continuous form: present continuous, past continuous or future continuous. For example: She is working at the moment. They will be playing tennis at 5 pm. Tom was eating when she arrived.Now that you know WHEN the action happens, and in what time frame, learn your helping verbs. Present simple or past - do, perfect forms - have, continuous forms - be.Learn to conjugate the helping verbs: I, you, we, they do / she, he, it does | I am / you, we, they are | I, you, we have / he, she it hasLearn which form the main verb takes for each form. Simple forms verb without to (i.e. play, walk, eat, work, etc.). Continuous forms verb ing (playing, walking, eating, working, etc.) Perfect forms past participle (verb in the third form, i.e. bought, understood, played, etc.)Conjugate the verb. Here is the thinking process: 1) Whats the general time? - past 2) Whats the specific time? - at a specific moment 3) Aha! continuous in the pa st OR past continuous 4) conjugate the helping verb - She was 5) Use the continuous form of the main verb: doing 6) Conjugate the verb: She was doing Remember these simple steps: Time? Action Happening? Simple, Continuous or Perfect? Auxiliary verb? Main Verb? Conjugate Example 1 Time? PresentAction Happening? Up to the presentSimple, Continuous or Perfect? PerfectAuxiliary verb? haveMain Verb? liveVerb Form? livedConjugate We have lived here for ten years. Example 2 Time? FutureAction Happening? happening at a specific momentSimple, Continuous or Perfect? continuousAuxiliary verb? beMain Verb? watchVerb Form? watchingConjugate She will be watching TV at nine. Example 3 Time? PastAction Happening? one day in pastSimple, Continuous or Perfect? simpleAuxiliary verb? didMain Verb? playVerb Form? playConjugate Did you play the piano yesterday? Tips Be patient with yourself when learning how to conjugate verbs.Remember that the present simple and past simple do NOT take auxiliary verbs in positive forms.Changes occur in the auxiliary verb, not in the main verb EXCEPT for the present simple.

buy custom Triology of a Crisis essay

buy custom Triology of a Crisis essay Definition of a crisis Crisis in health dimension can be defined as the climax of a disease when a critical change takes place indicating death or recovery. Ways for evaluating the process of crisis formation An event occurs Perception of the event leads to a biased distress Biased distress leads to malfunctioning survival skills unable to improve functioning Ways of increasing functioning Change perception of the participating event and try to offer helping strategies biased distress will be decreased Functioning level will be increased How a crisis can be both an opportunity and a danger Opportunity With the help of counseling and intervention, the individual will cope with the crisis combined with increased survival skills, emotional growth and resources which will help him to deal with future stressors (familydoctor.org, 2008). Danger Without help, the individual may go back to a low level of functioning by use the ego defense mechanisms or remain nonfunctional via suicide, homicide or psychosis How someone becomes crisis prone (familydoctor.org, 2010) Experiences a stressor perceived as threatening which leads to subjective distress and impairment in functioning. Coping methods fail. State of disequilibrium ensues for 4-6 weeks No intervention or help is sought Individual uses ego strength to deny, repress, dissociate from the meaning of the precipitating event and subjective distress and functions at a lowered level. Idividual not prepared emotionally to deal with future stressors and this may easily lead into crisis states when faced with potential precipitating events. Factors which can lead to a crisis Material resources such as transportation, money, food, clothing and shelter Personal resources such as personality traits, intelligence, education, ego strength and physical well-being Social resources which include family, co-workers, friends, clubs and church Types of crisis Developmental these are normal, expected, transitional phases as people move from one stage of life to another. People often are unable to cope with evolving needs of family members. Situational- these are uncommon, extraordinary events. There is no way of forecasting or controlling them. Curvilinear model of anxiety (family doctor.org, 2007) A lot anxiety is overwhelming and paralyzing Too little anxiety leaves very little motivation to change or accept interventions Moderate anxiety is optimal in motivating people to change and allowing them to utilize personal resources Sometimes an individual needs medication to reduce anxiety to the point where a person can respond to intervention Other times anxiety is encouraged to increase motivation Caplans seven characteristics of effective coping behavior Actively looking for reality issues and finding for information Expressing freely both negative and positive feeling and bearing frustration Actively looking for assistance from others Dividing problems into manageable parts and going through them one part at a time Ready too cope with fatigue and pacing assisting efforts while keeping control in as many areas of functioning as possible Understanding feelings where possible and being flexible and willing to adapt Trusting in one self and others and having positive mind about the outcome Multicultural perspectives in crisis intervention To understand the persons world view we need to address culturally biases assumptions Culturally biased assumptions Assumption that all people share a common measure of normal behavior Assumption that crisis is primarily individual rather than part of a larger group such as friends, family, society etc Assumption that the definition of problems can be limited by academic boundaries Assumption that others will understand abstraction the same The assumption that independence is valuable, and dependencies are undesirable. We should not depend on others or allow them to depend upon us The assumption that people would prefer counseling rather than support of family, friends, peers etc Assumption of good or bad is transferable Assumption that human service worker, crisis workers know all their assumptions Assumptions that the clients history has nothing or limited relevance Guidelines to assist the crisis interveners multicultural awareness Attempt to understand your own cultural biases Where possible, make an effort to learn the language of those into crisis you may need to intercede. Find a well trained translator where necessary Ask for further clarification if you are not sure what the victim said Buy custom Triology of a Crisis essay

Law and Contract Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law and Contract Strategy - Essay Example However, for a valid contract to be valid, the elements must be: a) capacity, b) mutual assent (which includes offer, acceptance, and meeting of minds), c) consideration, d) lawful purpose, e) certainty of terms, and f) form provided by law (Essential 2006). On the other hand, Wikipedia (2007) cited the three key elements of a contract under common law jurisdictions as: a) offer and acceptance, b) consideration, and c) intent to create a legal relation. In sum, while the law considers three essential elements (consent, consideration and object), a valid contract requires other elements (e.g. capacity of parties, lawfulness of object, etc.). A contract is an agreement of parties (two or more) arrived at after adequately considering to do or refrain from doing an action (Contract Law. n.d.). It is also defined as a promise(s) which provide(s) a remedy for its breach or which the law recognises its performance as a duty (Contract Formation n.d.) (Essential 2006). It covers a wide array of subjects and transactions from sale of real or personal property, or terms of employment (Larson 2003). It defines the rights and obligations of a party, provides the means to enforce the rights, and allocates risks between the parties (Lewis-Elements n.d.). Contracts vary according to its usage. A construction contract is complex because it involves numerous parties (e.g. engineer, quantity surveyor, etc.), long period of execution, and a series of subcontracts (Lewis-Elements n.d.). In the construction sector, all details necessary to reflect the intents, timetable, insurance, or dispute settlements are considered essential elements. T o ease this complexity, industry professional and organisations created forms that will cover every detail of their particular needs, such as: building contracts (JCT series), engineering contracts (ICE series), government contracts (GC Works series), etc.

A topic from your personal knowledge and experience Essay

A topic from your personal knowledge and experience - Essay Example In other words, how their lives affects others. My philosophy of life involves this premise. In a world that is beautiful, exciting and mysterious yet can be brutally unfair, who I am is determined by how my life, my words and actions affect the world and the people in it. This is all I can really control, the person I choose to be. The person that some one chooses to be depends on an almost infinite number of factors including how and where they were raised, environmental influences, choices regarding philosophical thought and, in part, genetic predispositions. However, since the dawn of the internet, people from every part of the world have realized that they can indeed think very much alike those that have had very different life experiences. This proves, I suppose, that where you start does not indicate where you will end up, philosophically speaking. Some do not look at life and the world in the same way as their parents, friends or ethnic group see it, yet some do. It is for higher minds to ponder the reasons for why a person believes what they do but one thing is certain, the path there is very complex and unique to every individual. The roots of my philosophy towards life begin with the Bible yet I do not consider my self Christian, far from it. As a youth, I found the words of Christ simple, to the point and ultimately a path to inner contentment. A life philosophy, I have found, is an evolving viewpoint based on what we learn as we travel through the roller coaster that is life. The Bible gave me the foundation of what I have built upon since my youth. Other philosophies, whether from religions or various ‘wise men,’ that I have read do not contradict, in fact they support the tenets from the book I began with. All books of philosophical content are written as a guideline to happiness. Isn’t an individual’s

American National Govenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American National Govenment - Essay Example In political realms, immigration reform refers to changes in recurrent immigration policy of a country. Immigration reforms in political sense can involve promoted, open immigration and also eliminated immigration which can also be reduced. The immigration regime existing was designed in 1952 to 1965 with the primary goal of allowing nuclear and extended family reunification and the secondary goals of permitting humanitarian admissions and necessary labor inflows. Today’s reform system differs from the one of decades ago because of changing technology, dwindling costs of beyond border travelling and many years of past migratory flows which have made these flows more complicated and hard to deal with. Border protection, anti-terrorism and illegal immigration Control Act of 2005 was passed by the House of Representatives. The US senate passed the comprehensive immigration reform act of 2006 but neither bill was made law because their differences could not be resolved in the conf erence committee. The issues to address in the bills were; to fix border enforcement, enforcement of interior such as doing away with visa overstays, people being prevented from working with no work permit, a committee being created to be in charge of adopting the number of visas available to economic times that fluctuates (Smith & Edmonston, 1997). A number of changes are recommended in the immigration reforms. First, a change to the temporary admissions and legal permanent systems to encourage the recruitment and retention of the immigrants best able to add value to the United States national interests in immigration. Secondly, Institutional and regulatory structure change governing the integration and employment of immigrants within the US to make sure that immigrants make the largest possible contribution while reducing possible costs of movement. Others include increase adoption of immigration as foreign policy tool, and changes to the immigration control policies. According to Smith and Edmonston (1997), effective reform must require those living in the US without permission to register, be good pay masters of tax, have knowledge of English, background checks be completed and earn the full rights of a true citizen. Eventually, the country benefits from increased and expanded tax base, a fully functional rule of law, a less vulnerable workforce to exploitation and a level playing field for all workers. A tough and fair immigration reform will most likely restore order and control at the border. Additionally, I believe immigration reform is preferred because it greatly improves the US GDP by at least 0.84 percent. The increase in GDP due to immigration, in addition to benefiting the citizens throughout the country, will be vital among the labor-intensive sectors such as construction, electronic equipment and textiles industries. Furthermore, comprehensive immigration reforms increases wages for all workers and improves their working conditions. The Cap-n-T rade legislation (climate change reform) is almost the only way to regulate carbon dioxide emissions. Cap-n-trade is targeted at reducing carbon dioxide emissions at a politically determined level among the users and producers of oil, natural gas and coal. Primarily the legislation seeks to impose a switch among users to alternative, less

Breast Cancer Essay Example for Free

Breast Cancer Essay Cristian Davalos 2nd Period There are many different types of breast cancer. For example, breast cancer can begin in different areas of the breast like the ducts, the lobules, or in some cases, the tissue in between. In this essay I will explain the different types of breast cancer. I will also talk about the symptoms many women have when they get breast cancer. Then I will explain the treatments for breast cancer, and the alternative treatments. First of all, there are two main types of breast cancer invasive, and non-invasive, which means if the cancer is only in your breast or spreading out to other body parts. The first type is Ductal Carcinoma which is a non-invasive breast cancer where abnormal cells have been contained in the lining of the breast milk duct. The second type is Invasive Ductal Carcinoma which means that abnormal cells that originated in the lining of the breast milk duct have invaded surrounding tissue. The third type is Triple Negative Breast cancer which means that the cells in the tumor are negative for progesterone, estrogen, and HER2/neu receptors. The fourth type is Inflammatory Breast Cancer which is a less common form of breast cancer that may not develop a tumor and often affects the skin. The fifth type is Metastatic Breast Cancer which is cancer that has spread beyond the breast, sometimes into the lungs, bones, or brain. The sixth type is breast cancer during pregnancy; women who are diagnosed with breast cancer during pregnancy may face tremendous additional strain due to concern for the safety of the unborn child. There are also other types that are less common which include Medullary Carcinoma, Tubular Carcinoma, and Mucinous Carcinoma. Next, the symptoms women get before the actually get breast cancer. Some women may get a lump in the breast or underarm that persists after your menstrual cycle. This is usually the first apparent symptom of breast cancer. Most all lumps associated with breast cancer are usually painless, but in some cases it may cause a prickly sensation. Another symptom is swelling in the armpit, pain or tenderness in the breast. Also any change in the size, contour, texture, or temperature of the breast, a reddish, pitted surface like the skin of an orange could be a sign of advanced breast cancer. In some cases a change in the nipple, such as a nipple retraction, dimpling, itching, a burning sensation, or ulceration, or a scaly rash of the breast may be associated with an underlying breast cancer. Finally, the treatments of breast cancer have two major goals, which are to rid the body of the cancer as completely as possible, and to prevent cancer from returning. One treatment is Chemotherapy which uses drugs to kill cancer cells. Another type is Hormone therapy such as tamoxifen in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and the aromatase inhibitors arimidex, aromasin, and femara in postmenopausal women. Hormone therapy uses drugs to prevent hormones, especially estrogen, from promoting the growth of breast cancer cells that may remain after breast cancer surgery. Also, another treatment is biological therapy such as Herceptin, Perjeta, or Tykerb, which work by using the bodys immune system to destroy cancer cells. These drugs target breast cancer cells that have high levels of a protein called HER2. Alternative types of breast cancer treatments are lumpectomy surgery to remove a tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it. Also another alternative treatment is partial mastectomy surgery which is to remove the part of the breast that has cancer and some normal tissue around it. The lining over the chest muscles below the cancer may also be removed. This procedure is also called a segmental mastectomy. Another treatment is total mastectomy, is surgery to remove the whole breast that has cancer. This procedure is also called a simple mastectomy. The last alternative treatment is modified radical mastectomy surgery which is to remove the whole breast that has cancer, many of the lymph nodes under the arm, the lining over the chest muscles, and sometimes, part of the chest wall muscles. In conclusion, as you may see there are many types of breast cancer and also a whole lot of treatments, as well as alternative treatments. References http://www. breastcancer. org/symptoms/types http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/breast-cancer/HQ00348 http://www. nationalbreastcancer. org/types-of-breast-cancer http://www. webmd. com/breast-cancer/guide/breast-cancer-treatment http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page5

Gender Discrimination at Walmart Essay -- Walmart Sex Discrimination

Walmart, the world’s largest retailer and private employer, has established a highly profitable business centered on a low-cost strategy that utilizes logistical efficiencies to create a competitive advantage. Yet, to maintain this low-cost strategy, Walmart has engaged in ethically questionable practices, including gender discrimination in promotion and pay. While the Supreme Court recently ruled against class certification of 1.5 million women in the Dukes v. Walmart case due to a lack of proof that Walmart operated under a â€Å"general policy of discrimination†, overwhelming evidence demonstrates that gender discrimination is a persistent problem rooted in the culture of Walmart, despite gender-neutral policies (Biskupic, 2011). During the 1950’s and 60’s in northwest Arkansas, a surplus of unskilled labor existed due to â€Å"increasing mechanization of agricultural work†. Leveraging this pent up demand for employment, Sam Walton, the founder of Walmart, provided these agricultural men with prideful responsibilities as managers of his retail stores, while employing their wives and daughters as low wage clerks (Lichenstein, 2011). Forty to fifty years later, in an economy sagged by high unemployment, particularly among an unskilled, low educated workforce, the practice of promoting men to run stores while women are forced to settle for low wage labor remains prevalent at Walmart. In fact, statistical analysis from plaintiffs in the 2001 Dukes v. Walmart lawsuit showed that women comprised nearly 70% of hourly employees, but only 33% of management positions (Hymowitz, 2011). The overwhelming disparities between men and women in management relative to the proportion of those in hourly posi tions further cements the continual existence ... ...three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616-642. doi:10.1037/a0023557 Lichenstein, N. (2011) Wal-Mart’s Authoritarian Culture. New York Times Lichenstein, N. (2007) Why Working at Walmart is Different Connecticut Law Review, Volume 39 Number 4, May 2007 Powell, G., Butterfield, D., and Bartol, K. (2008). Leader evaluations: A new female advantage? Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23, 156-174. Rosette, A., & Tost, L. (2010). Agentic women and communal leadership: How role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 221-235. doi:10.1037/a0018204 Wal-Mart Class Website. (2011). â€Å"Declaration Summaries†. Retrieved from 22 Nov 2011 The official site for the women in the class action Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Gender Discrimination at Walmart Essay -- Walmart Sex Discrimination Walmart, the world’s largest retailer and private employer, has established a highly profitable business centered on a low-cost strategy that utilizes logistical efficiencies to create a competitive advantage. Yet, to maintain this low-cost strategy, Walmart has engaged in ethically questionable practices, including gender discrimination in promotion and pay. While the Supreme Court recently ruled against class certification of 1.5 million women in the Dukes v. Walmart case due to a lack of proof that Walmart operated under a â€Å"general policy of discrimination†, overwhelming evidence demonstrates that gender discrimination is a persistent problem rooted in the culture of Walmart, despite gender-neutral policies (Biskupic, 2011). During the 1950’s and 60’s in northwest Arkansas, a surplus of unskilled labor existed due to â€Å"increasing mechanization of agricultural work†. Leveraging this pent up demand for employment, Sam Walton, the founder of Walmart, provided these agricultural men with prideful responsibilities as managers of his retail stores, while employing their wives and daughters as low wage clerks (Lichenstein, 2011). Forty to fifty years later, in an economy sagged by high unemployment, particularly among an unskilled, low educated workforce, the practice of promoting men to run stores while women are forced to settle for low wage labor remains prevalent at Walmart. In fact, statistical analysis from plaintiffs in the 2001 Dukes v. Walmart lawsuit showed that women comprised nearly 70% of hourly employees, but only 33% of management positions (Hymowitz, 2011). The overwhelming disparities between men and women in management relative to the proportion of those in hourly posi tions further cements the continual existence ... ...three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616-642. doi:10.1037/a0023557 Lichenstein, N. (2011) Wal-Mart’s Authoritarian Culture. New York Times Lichenstein, N. (2007) Why Working at Walmart is Different Connecticut Law Review, Volume 39 Number 4, May 2007 Powell, G., Butterfield, D., and Bartol, K. (2008). Leader evaluations: A new female advantage? Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23, 156-174. Rosette, A., & Tost, L. (2010). Agentic women and communal leadership: How role prescriptions confer advantage to top women leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(2), 221-235. doi:10.1037/a0018204 Wal-Mart Class Website. (2011). â€Å"Declaration Summaries†. Retrieved from 22 Nov 2011 The official site for the women in the class action Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

The Linguistic Situation of South Africa :: essays research papers fc

When it comes to linguistics, South Africa is like a melting pot of languages. In total, South Africa has eleven major languages coming from both Africa and Europe. The major languages used are Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sesotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. In order to understand how each of these languages arrived in South Africa, we must first look at the history of people living in the country. The first identified language spoken in the South Africa was Khoisan. This language was spoken by the indigenous people of South Africa, the Khoikhio, who lived mainly in the southern coastal regions of the country. Over the years this language has slowly faded away along with the native Khoikhio people. Today there are only a few native South Africans left who can still speak Khoisan living in the western sections of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some time around the eighth century many Bantu tribes migrated south from central Africa into the northern territories of South Africa. Each of these Bantu tribes brought with them their own distinct Bantu language—nine of which still remain and are recognized today as official languages by the South African Government. These languages are used throughout the African population, which makes up three quarters of South Africa’s people. These languages include: Sesotho, Tsonga, Pedi, Tswana, Venda; and the Nguni group of Bantu languages: Xhosa, Ndebele, Swazi, and Zulu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the present, Zulu is the Bantu language with the largest number of speakers. In KwaZulu and Natal there are nine million people that speak this language. Falling right behind with seven million speakers is the language of Xhosa. Xhosa can be found around Transei, Ciskei, and on the Eastern Cape. The official language of Swaziland is Swazi with two million speakers. The last Nguni language is Ndebele, which is spoken by half a million people in some northeastern parts of South Africa. Between the four separate Nguni languages there are 12 different dialects. Pedi and Sesotho are both a part of the Sotho group of Bantu Languages and they share 11 different dialects. Pedi is the strongest language in the Sotho group. Pedi has four million speakers all over the country. Three million people in Qwaqwa and Orange Free State speak Sesotho. Tsonga, which has four dialects, has four million speakers living in Mozambique and Swaziland. Tswana spoken in Botswana has aroun d three million speakers. Venda, spoken mainly in Transvaal, has over half a million speakers.

Modern Ethical Theories

Philosophically Egoism theory purports that one’s self is or should be the motivation and reasons of our own actions.   This theory has two variations, descriptive or normative variation and altruism variation.   Altruism variation holds that one should maximize good for all being in the world (Hobbes, 1651).   Altruism is the opposite of egoism. Ethical egoism is a normative theory that revolves around the idea that each individual should do what is entirely in his or her self interests and by doing actions that aimed at self interest he or she achieves morality.   The theory states that one’s self interest is the primary motive of actions and is the moral thing to do. Hence the theory is a self effacing theory which tries to justify reasons for actions as duty bound or morally right. Psychological egoism theory on the other hand is a descriptive theory that describes human actions as wholly motivated by self interest it implies that individual’s actions are purely by self centered even though the actions may seem to be motivated by interest of others (More, G.E., 1903).   It states that, â€Å"all human actions are selfish acts at their roots†. Thus it asserts that if individual helps others, acts which may seem to be of benefit to others.   The primary motive may be the need for an individual to better him/herself thus making the act self-seeking.   It is impossible to empirically prove the psychological egoism theory wrong but it is just as hard to empirically prove the theory right.   In addition once the premise of the theory is accepted the actions can be interpreted to support the theory. Fallacy of Psychological Egoism Psychological egoism theory states that people are always motivated by their own interests.   This   however hastily   generalizes actions and their motivation   since there are instances we can disapprove this such as, when an individual smokes .this is an act that can be harmful to one’s wellbeing thus not act in   self interest, others such as soldiers carry out their duties without considering personal gains. There are also instances where motivations to act may appear to be of no self interest   at face value but   are nevertheless self interest motivated (Rachels, J., 2003).   For example if an individual is motivated to act out of fear or his acts are motivated by fear, he/she may be acting in the interest of self-preservation. On the other hand, these actions/reactions may be driven by the interest of the other individual or threats from this other individual thus his/her action may be classified as an action motivated for other’s interest.   In this case, the individual actions are what she/he is motivated to do, for instance run. The strong and weak versions of Ethical Egoism The ethical egoism can be split into two versions; the strong and the weak versions.   The strong version supports the endorsement of an individual’s own good as the moral thing to do.   Individual actions that are driven by self-interest or self fulfillment arise out of moral judgement while the weak version supports the premise that there are situations where it may be prudent to ignore personal welfare when making moral judgement (Rachels, J., 2003). For instance if a soldier lies on a grenade to save his friends he may act this way to be able to live with himself In other words if he acted otherwise he may live the rest of his life with a guilty conscience .However the strong version might interpret this action as the moral thing to do. Contrast in Motivation Doctrines of the two theories Psychological egoism theory is the empirical doctrine that an individual’s act is a desire for one’s own welfare (Sigmund, F., 1966).   However, these acts usually conceal the determining motives.   This concealment is usually in their self-interest.   The theory results from observation of human behaviour and can only be proved empirically if there are no exceptions.   It makes no claim to how individuals should act for their self-interest.   This premise can be argued to be verifiable but non-moral. On the other hand, the ethical egoism theory is prescriptive doctrine that individuals actions are in self-interest that is for personal welfare thus the personal welfare is the most valuable thing for an individual.   However, the theory does not claim that all individuals seek their own self interest.   It only claims that individuals should seek their own self-interest that is all individual might not seek self-interest (Sigmund, F., 1966).   For the ethical egoism theory to hold or to be proven as a theory its premises must hold for all individuals. Differences between ethical egoism and psychological egoism Psychological egoism is descriptive while the ethical egoism theory is prescriptive, that is, the psychological theory states why individuals act the way they do while the ethical theory suggests the reasons for such.   The other difference is concerned with their motivation doctrines.   In psychological egoism it is human nature to be driven by selfish reasons whereas in the ethical egoism theory selfish acts are the morally right thing to do (More, G.E., 1903).Psychological egoism deals with reality while ethical egoism deals with what reality should be. It   can also be argued that ethical egoism approves of cooperative behaviour   while psychological egoism does not since the theory   believes in achieving maximum welfare though selfish actions . Conclusion Self-interest actions are not always selfish actions in that one can act in such a way as to benefit or for his personal welfare improvement.   Such actions cannot be termed as selfish and this is always seen as acts out of self-interest.   Self-interest acts are not always selfish acts but selfish actions are always out of personal self-interest. For example if an individual’s self interest is to obey the law we can claim the individual is doing this out of self interest, that is, it is in his/her self interest to avoid legal troubles like being jailed.   This can be seen as a selfish act.   But by obeying the law, it can also be argued that he is doing this in the interest of others or out of consideration of others.   In this case, this is not a selfish act.   However, self-interest actions are not always incompatible with the interest of others for example to help others, which is not a self-interest act.   An individual must first help himself inorder to be in a position to help others. Reference G.E. Moore (1903).   In Principia Ethica: Cambridge University Press. Rachels, J. (2003). The Elements of moral philosophy (4th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill. Sigmund, Freud (1966).   The Interpretation of Dreams.   New York: Avon.   

What is an Unreliable Narrator Definition and 6 Real Examples

What is an Unreliable Narrator Definition and 6 Real Examples What is an Unreliable Narrator: Definition and Examples In literature, an unreliable narrator is a character who tells a story with a lack of credibility. There are different types of unreliable narrators (more on that later), and the presence of one can be revealed to readers in varying ways - sometimes immediately, sometimes gradually, and sometimes later in the story when a plot twist leaves us wondering if we’ve maybe been a little too trusting.While the term â€Å"unreliable narrator† was first coined by literary critic Wayne C. Booth in his 1961 book, The Rhetoric of Fiction, it’s a literary device that writers have been putting to good use for much longer than the past 80 years. For example, "The Tell-Tale Heart" published by Edgar Allan Poe in 1843 utilizes this storytelling tool, as does Wuthering Heights, published in 1847.But wait, is any narrator really reliable?This discussion can lead us down a proverbial rabbit hole. In a sense, no, there aren’t any 100% completely reliable narrators. The  "Rashomon Effect† tells us that our subjective perceptions prohibit us from ever having a totally clear memory of past events. If each person subjectively remembers something that happened, how do we know who is right? "Indeed, many writers have used the Rashomon Effect to tell stories from multiple first-person perspectives - leaving readers to determine whose record is most believable." (Check out As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner for an example).For the purpose of this article, however, we will refer to narrators who are purposefully unreliable for a specific narrative function. How to write an unreliable narrator that has us on our toes and reading between the lines. Literary function of an unreliable narratorFiction that makes us question our own perceptions can be powerful. An unreliable narrator can create a lot of grey areas and blur the lines of reality, allowing us to come to our own conclusions.Fallible storytellers can also create tension by keeping readers on their toes - wondering if there’s more under the surface, and reading between the lines to decipher what that is. Unreliable  narrators can make for intriguing, complex characters: depending on the narrator’s motivation for clouding the truth, readers may also feel more compelled to keep reading to figure out why the narrator is hiding things.Finally, all unreliable narrators are first-person: they live in the world of the story and will have an inherent bias or perhaps even an agenda. While you may find an unreliable narrator who's written in the second-person or third-person point of view, this is generally rare.PRO-TIP: If you'd like to see the different point of views in action, check out this post that has 50+ point of view examples.Types of unreliable narratorsJust like trying to classify every type of character would be an endless pursuit, so is trying to list every type of unreliable narrator. That said, we've divided these questionable raconteurs into three general types to better understand how they work as a literary device.1) Deliberately Unreliable: Narrators who are aware of their deceptionThis type of narrator is intentionally lying to the reader because, well, they can. They have your attention, the point of view is theirs, and they’ll choose what to do with it, regardless of any â€Å"responsibility† they might have to the reader. (The film adaptation of Room, image: Universal Pictures)Forrest Gump by Winston Groom Forrest is another example of a narrator who’s not deliberately unreliable in order to pull the wool over the readers’ eyes or to â€Å"save face.† From the outset, we are aware that Forrest doesn’t comprehend things like the â€Å"average† person does, and we’re aware that we might not be able to take everything he says at face value. This is confirmed when Forrest begins detailing his life, which is peppered with stories about major events from history that he was apparently intimately involved in. We can’t be certain that he’s not telling the truth, but it would be quite the life if he is. Six examples of unreliable narrators and how to write your own fallible storyteller. An unreliable narrator breaks the conventional relationship of trust between a reader and a storyteller. However, the key is that you don’t want to shatter that trust entirely, because you’re likely to lose the reader. Ensure your unreliable narrator has a clear purpose for being unreliable, employ just enough mist around the narrator’s accounts to put question marks in our minds, give us the underlying sense that there’s more to the story, and you’ll be able to foster a connection between the reader and narrator that has the pages of your book flipping.Who are some of your favorite unreliable narrators from literature? Have you ever tried writing one yourself? Leave any thoughts or questions in the comments below!

Free Essays on Debbie Style

As the world grows so do our challenges. Not only are our problems growing in number but they are also growing in complexity. There is scarcely a day that goes by when I don't hear about some new problem that will soon threaten us all. While some of these problems such as El Nino, earthquakes, and other natural disasters cannot be stopped there are other challenges such as the spread of racial hatred, rising risk of disease spread, and the growing levels of civil unrest throughout much of the world which threaten many lives everyday. Most of the future's challenges will only be made possible if all people, regardless of race, color, or nationality, attempt to work together for a stronger world. There are many ways in which I believe that I can help society meet this future challenge of coming together as a united world. While I was an exchange student, I saw the world from a different point of view. For the first time, I realized that the people of the world have so many similarities in comparison to the few and insignificant differences. To make the people of the world unite would merely take time in convincing people of the world that we are all in pursuit of the same basic goals. All that it would take to show that this could be done is two different cultures to unite and then the rest of the world what can come by the strength all gain by coming together. I believe that I can help in solving some of the barriers that hold us back from completing the task that we all desire which is unity. I served as a miniature version of a diplomat when I was an exchange student. I helped people in another country see that we all have common goals and I also helped sever the bonds to racial hatred by providing them insight into the American way of thinking and they did likewise for me. I have done everything to help sever these ancient bonds and will continue to do so in the future as I feel I am ca... Free Essays on Debbie Style Free Essays on Debbie Style As the world grows so do our challenges. Not only are our problems growing in number but they are also growing in complexity. There is scarcely a day that goes by when I don't hear about some new problem that will soon threaten us all. While some of these problems such as El Nino, earthquakes, and other natural disasters cannot be stopped there are other challenges such as the spread of racial hatred, rising risk of disease spread, and the growing levels of civil unrest throughout much of the world which threaten many lives everyday. Most of the future's challenges will only be made possible if all people, regardless of race, color, or nationality, attempt to work together for a stronger world. There are many ways in which I believe that I can help society meet this future challenge of coming together as a united world. While I was an exchange student, I saw the world from a different point of view. For the first time, I realized that the people of the world have so many similarities in comparison to the few and insignificant differences. To make the people of the world unite would merely take time in convincing people of the world that we are all in pursuit of the same basic goals. All that it would take to show that this could be done is two different cultures to unite and then the rest of the world what can come by the strength all gain by coming together. I believe that I can help in solving some of the barriers that hold us back from completing the task that we all desire which is unity. I served as a miniature version of a diplomat when I was an exchange student. I helped people in another country see that we all have common goals and I also helped sever the bonds to racial hatred by providing them insight into the American way of thinking and they did likewise for me. I have done everything to help sever these ancient bonds and will continue to do so in the future as I feel I am ca...

The Political and Economic Issues of Global Warming and the Ozone Layer †Earth Science Essay

The Political and Economic Issues of Global Warming and the Ozone Layer – Earth Science Essay Free Online Research Papers The Political and Economic Issues of Global Warming and the Ozone Layer Earth Science Essay This essay will take two contrasting case studies, global warming and the ozone layer, to show both the successes and failures that have so far been gained in dealing with this issue. The political economy of the two case studies will be analysed from the three main theoretical points which will aim to explain why the main state actors acted as they did or did not. 2. Global Environmental Degradation 2.1 Definition Environmental degradation is the transformation of an ecosystem in a negative manner that affects the conditions and/or the quality and quantity of flora/fauna in the ecosystem (Held et al. 2000:377). Due to the interlinked nature of ecosystems, when the natural ecology of an area is destroyed, the environment will also be altered. For example, over farming can lead to the desertification of once arable land and excessive urbanisation can cause an increase in flooding. This degradation can occur on a local, transnational or global scale. At the local level fly tipping in rural woodland will only have an impact on the immediate area. At the transnational level are the problems of cross boundary pollution, for example the accusation by Scandinavian countries that a large proportion of the acid rain falling on their countries originates from industrial outputs from the UK (ITE 1997:80). At the global level are problems that affect what are known as the global commons. The are reso urces that are considered to be the common ownership of humanity, upon which no state can have a sole claim to sovereignty or authority over them, for example the atmosphere or the ocean beds (Held et al 2000:378). Global environmental degradation is therefore any process that affects these environmental global commons in a negative manner. 2.2 Forms Mainly due to restrictions of space this essay will be concerned with global environmental degradation issues. However, this is also the area of study that has resulted in a significant area of both international cooperation and conflict, demonstrated by the successes, and failures, of the many international regimes established to attempt to deal with the problems. Regardless of ones view on whether globalization is a new distinct phenomenon or not (Held 2000:10), it is clearly the case that global environmental degradation on the current scale is the product of the globalization of commerce and industrialisation. At the dawn of the industrial revolution environmental degradation was mainly localised, for example the â€Å"pea-soup† fogs caused by coal burning in Victorian England (Hunt 2004). As industrialisation has spread around the world and increased in density in the developed world so has environmental damage (Vig 1999:1). It is also a significant area to study due to the inherently economic and political nature of the causes and perpetuation of the problem. The issue of global environmental degradation is one that has been discussed in many disciplines, from the natural sciences through to social science disciplines such as Security Studies and International Relations (cf Buzan et al 1998). The globalization of environmental degradation has widened the range of the problem, indeed it has now arguably become all humanities problem rather than just a few, however due to both geography and economics, the burdens of global warming will not be distributed equally among humanity as is discussed below (Ross Blackmore 1991:175) 2.2 A brief history of global responses Since global environmental degradation first crept onto the international agenda in the seventies there have been numerous attempts at setting up solid international regimes to help to combat the problem, the most significant being the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1972 (Greene 2001:390). This was established as a result of the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment and aimed to establish a coordinated multinational effort to recognise and attempt to solve problems of environmental degradation at all levels and to conceptualise environmental damage in the context of development. (ibid.). There have also sprung up numerous NGO groups since then, for example Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace founded in 1969 and 1971 respectively (FOE 2004; Greenpeace 2004 ). Despite this progress reaching a global consensus on how to prevent damage to the global commons has been slow. 3. Case Study #1: The depletion of the ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol 3.1 The Ozone Layer and CFCs Ozone (O3) is a form of oxygen with one electron in its outer shell, making it highly reactive, that is found in the stratosphere layer of the atmosphere. It is formed when radiation from the sun splits oxygen atoms (O2) into individual molecules, which then bond with O2 atoms to form O3 (Blackmore 1996:90). Ozone plays a vital part in the atmosphere by absorbing radiation from the sun and keeping the temperature on the Earth so that it can support life. At present under ideal conditions the amount of ozone in the stratosphere is about 10 parts per million per volume (ACDR 2003). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a wide family of man made inert chemical gasses composed of chlorine, fluorine and carbon (Hardy 2003:18). When they were discovered in the 1930s they were believed to be the ideal gasses for refrigeration, propellants in aerosols, industrial solvents and for making foamed plastics due to their stable, non-flammable and non-toxic properties (Blackmore 1996:70). It is only when they are released into the atmosphere that they become a problem; as CFCs are lighter than air they rise high into the atmosphere when released. It is when they reach the layer of ozone in the stratosphere that problems occur. In the stratosphere they are broken down by radiation from the sun, causing a chemical reaction to take place that destroys ozone. Due to the stable nature of the halon molecules from CFCs they are not destroyed; one molecule of chlorine for example can destroy 100,000 ozone ones (Hardy 2003:18). This process is only limited by the amount of chlorine a toms available in the atmosphere and destroys ozone at a much higher rate than nature can create it, resulting in depletion of the protective ozone layer (ACDR 2003). Depletion of the ozone layer on a large scale would result in the planet becoming increasingly hotter, causing a rise in skin cancer, cataracts and damage to crops, amongst other effects (Thomas 1992:207). 3.2 International Response Concern first arose over the damage that CFCs may cause to the ozone layer in the 1970s in the US. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) after a long and protracted struggle with chemical manufactures led by DuPont, banned the use of all CFCs except for essential uses such as refrigeration (Greene 2001:402). In 1984 it was discovered that there was massive loss in the atmospheric ozone over Antarctica each spring, which became known as the â€Å"ozone hole†. By 1988 it had been proven conclusively by science that this was due to CFC release into the atmosphere and that the problem would continue for as long they were discharged into the atmosphere (Blackmore 1996:71). Other developed states soon followed suite (ACDR 2003). The first international regime aimed at dealing with the problem of ozone depletion was the 1985 Vienna Convention which established a framework for solving the issue (Molitor 1999:222) after widespread publicity and concern over the effect of CFC s. The Montreal Protocol of 1989 was the result of the Vienna Convention. Under the Protocol CFC usage was to be reduced by 50% by the year 2000 (Greene 2001:401). . Most states were persuaded to join, though developing states, led by China and India, were only persuaded to join once a Multilateral Fund was established by the industrialized states to pay the incremental costs occurred by the Protocol. The Protocol has been the subject of many amendments and the date of phasing out CFCs was moved forwards eventually to 1996 for developed countries and 2010 for developing countries (UNEP 2003). The ozone hole issue was easily solved due a combination of science, economics and politics. International cooperation to limit the damage to the ozone layer has been a major success; with ozone depleting substances (ODS) now believed to be at their peak in the stratosphere. Due to the long life time of CFCs already in the stratosphere there will be an estimated lag time of up to a decade before the ozone layer is at its full natural level (UNEP 2003:4.3). Figure 1 shows the global decrease in CFC production. The EU and the US had both phased out their stocks of CFCs by 1996, although the developing world proved more difficult (Greene 2001:401). The MLF established by the richer states at the Montreal Protocol was the most important method by which developing states were helped to cease production. In addition to the MLF a programme of technology transfer was established (Parson 1995:50). The MLF was administered by an executive committee consisting of representatives from each region on the planet and operates through the World Bank, UNEP and the UN Development Program (ibid.). Figure 1 4. Case Study #2: Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol 4.1 The Greenhouse Effect and human contribution to it The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, and 0.93% argon, however it is the trace gasses which constitute only the tiny remaining percentage of the atmosphere that most affect climate (Hardy 2003:3). The main trace substances in the atmosphere are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (ibid. p5), known as greenhouse gasses due to their role in the greenhouse effect. As the sun’s energy travels through the Earth’s atmosphere, 26% of the energy is reflected back into space by clouds and particles in the atmosphere. 19% is absorbed by clouds and gasses in the atmosphere and 4% is reflected off the surface off the Earth (Gow Pidwiny 1996). Only approximately 51% of the suns energy is transferred to the surface of the earth where it causes photosynthesis, heats the ground etc. When the radiation from the sun is absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere i t reduces the wavelength of the radiation reaching the ground. This is a vital part of the global ecosystem, without it the planet would be devoid of life; however it is human agency that is causing the present day problem by amplifying the natural effect (Fraser 2003). As a result the radiation reradiated from the earth is of a lot shorter wavelength, and gets trapped by the atmosphere, producing an insulating effect. This effect is shown in figure 2. Figure 2 4.2 International Response Although the greenhouse effect is a vital natural occurrence, there is strong scientific evidence that human agency, especially due to industrialization is increasing the amount of greenhouse gasses present in the atmosphere. This has the effect of thus increasing the greenhouse effect beyond its natural levels, causing the planet to warm up (Ross Blackmore 1991:149; Greene 2001:404; Held et al 2000:384). Through the seventies and eighties there were many international programmes and agreements established, though none of major significance until the agreement in 1989 that there should be an â€Å"Earth Summit† in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Green 2001:393). In 1990 the United Nations Environment Program set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change which published Policymakers Summary of the Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, the first scientific report of international significance to acknowledge the problem. The opening page of the report stated. â€Å"these increases [in the concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere] will enhance the greenhouse effect, resulting on average in additional warming of the Earth’s surface† (cited in Thomas 1992: 157-158) At the Rio conference all the states present agreed upon a set of principals and aims, including the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to combat ozone depletion and global warming (Green 2001:405). Under article 2 of the Convention states were committed to achieving stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentration that would contribute to global warming (NEF 2003:2). The next summit was at Kyoto where states agreed to implement the principals agreed at Rio. The â€Å"Kyoto Protocol† as this became known included an agreement that states would work to lower their greenhouse gas emissions, which aimed to become legally binding once ratified by the signatory states (ibid. p408). Annex I countries (OECD states plus selected former Soviet Bloc states) were to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012 (NEF 2003:2). The treaty was ratified by the EU but significantly not by the US, Russia or Australia (ibid.) A system of emissions t rading was also proposed, however there was no agreement on mandatory limitations due to US disagreement, as such the list of targets was just seen as recommendations (ibid. p229), resulting in the treaty getting off to a weak start. The extent and rate of global warming is still debated in the scientific community as some claim it may be no more than a natural cycle in the Earth’s climate, however there is near universal agreement that the release of greenhouse gasses into the environment is worsening the problem (Beckerman 1992:pp254-255). There is also uncertainty about the rate and extent at which global warming will occur, a factor that has hindered political efforts to combat the problem (Hodge 1995:175; Lomborg 1998:pp258-323). In addition to debate over the nature of global warming the political and economic arguments concerning global warming are also still on-going. Problems concerning global environmental degradation have proved difficult to solve due to the issues of free-riding and the so-called â€Å"tragedy of the commons†. These two concepts, explained below, have hindered many of the attempts at making progress on global environmental issues and will need to be overcome for the universal good of humanity. 4.3 Costs and difficulties with climate control There is little doubt that combating climate change would be an expensive measure for all (Pakerr 2002). The two most commonly suggested solutions are a tax on CO2 output or a system of tradable permits (ibid.). Levying a tax on CO2 output has been one of the most widely suggest proposals for dealing with the problem (Paarlberg 1999: 242). This would act as an incentive on industry to develop greener technologies and would provide governments with the income to assist with developing greener environmental policies (Hodge 1995:184). However the knock on effects of such a tax would be unevenly distributed. The price of all fossil fuels would rise not just for industry, but for individuals as well. As those on lower incomes generally spend a higher proportion of their incomes on energy it would affect them significantly more than it would industry (ibid. p185). In order to prevent capital flight from states implementing such a policy it would have to be a co-coordinated global ef fort, otherwise the first states to impose such a policy will find their industry simply relocates to states that do not have carbon taxes. States are also likely to find it hard to pass such a proposal due to lobbying by business (Paarlberg 1999:242). If this solution was attempted at a global level it would undoubtedly be very difficult to achieve. A key reason for this is the argument by developing states that they should not be penalized for a problem that was created until recently almost exclusively by the industrialized West (REF). A proposal such as a carbon tax would also be likely hinder development and industrialization in the developing world. 5. Theories and concepts in IPE For the purpose of this essay only the modern variants of the three central perspectives shall be analyzed, this is due to space restrictions and that it is not relevant to give an account of the development of the views in order to explain their impact on present day thinking regarding global environmental degradation. 5.1 Free Riding and the Tragedy of the Commons The tragedy of the commons is a model which demonstrates why actors acting rationally in their self interest will end up harming everyone’s interests in the long term and comes from the work of Hardin (1968). Hardin demonstrates how certain situations can produce no net gains for all when actors act rationally to increase their utility. He explains this by using a parable of a field shared by several herdsmen, a situation which worked happily for centuries with the expansion of the herdsmen limited by events such as war, pestilence etc.. Eventually a situation will arise where there is nothing to stop the common land being used to its maximum capacity. Each herdsman will see it rational to add another cow as it will add to his utility. Each herdsman will gain greatly from having another cow, but will only be slightly affected by the decrease in space on the common. As each actor is rational they will keep adding more and more cows, thinking they are not harming the commo n and only bearing a fraction of the cost of damage to the common. When common is full however, and all the grass eaten then all will lose at once (Hardin 1968:1243). Although Hardin was talking about population growth the same model fits well to describe attempts to find a political and economic solution to the problems of global environmental degradation. Free riding is the situation whereby contributors to the public good, in this case preventing global warming, are unable to ensure that those benefiting from the public good are actually contributing and not just relying upon the work of others (Coneybear 1984:6). This is a particularly important problem in relation to economic matters such as global warming, where if many states were to adopt measures that were beneficial to the environment, but harmful to their economies then they would be at a significant economic disadvantage to those states which did not do so. Free riding would be easier with global warming measures due to the wide range of ODS that industries use, in comparison to ozone measures which are much more easily monitored. 5.2 The mercantilist perspective Mercantilism sees economic practice as part of a states national security, strong economies are necessary in order to strengthen a state militarily (Woods 2001:285). Mercantilism is related to realism in International Relations Theory and shares many of the same assumptions, such as the primacy of the state and viewing the international arena as anarchical (Gilpin 1987:31). States should act in economic ways that benefit them directly, and see the world in zero-sum terms. This method of thinking would claim that there is no logical reason for states to attempt to do anything about global warming, especially considering the economic costs involved, unless there is a direct threat to a states’ security, as was believed to be the case with the US and ozone depletion (Parson 1995:69) Mercantilist thinking is partly evident in the US’ rejection of the Kyoto protocol. The current Bush administration has pursued many mercantilist projects since coming to power, pandering to big industry by, against all ideals of neoliberal free trade, placing tariffs on imports in which the US is not competitive, for example on clothing (Rockwell 2003). There is a strong movement in the US against joining the Protocol or any future regime along the same lines due to the belief that it would harm the US economy (Beder et al 1997). The US Energy Information administration estimated that implicating the Kyoto Protocol would cost the US economy a minimum of $283bn and a maximum of (EIA 2002) out of a GDP of $10.4trillion (CIA 2003). This is the main argument against why the US will not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Lobbying of the Bush administration by large polluting industries, of which the biggest donator was the now collapsed energy concern Enron (Weinberg 2003), prevente d the Protocol being ratified in the US senate. The Senate refused to ratify any treaty which did not include a demand that developing states reduce their emissions as well, rather than the scaled proposals (Molitor 1999:225). This has been seen by some commentators as the US trying to secure its own position as the leading world economy by restricting the development of the undeveloped and developing world. Bello (2003) argues that China was the principal target of this thinking as its rapidly expanding economy poses a threat to US economic domination. If the US had its greenhouse gas emissions restricted it would arguably find itself in a weaker economic position than China. Although mercantilist thinking is becoming an increasing part of US economic policy (Bello 2003), see for example the banana and steel wars with the EU, it will only serve to undermine the US’ own strength in the long run. Hegemonic stability theory, based on the work of Gramsci, claims that when other states start to perceive the hegemon’s actions as self-serving and against their own political and economic interests, the whole system will be weakened (Gilpin 1987:73). Hegemonic states need an ideological consensus for support, military strength is not enough. The US under Bush has clearly lost a lot of goodwill even from its allies in the EU over following mercantilist thinking, both in respect to trade and the environment (Shwarz 2001). 5.3 The neoliberal perspective Neoliberalism is regarded today as the basis of the global economy, the so-called Washington Consensus with its key institutions of the WTO, IMF and the World Bank (Cox 2001:120).Those adopting the neoliberal position for political economy are also likely to reject any form of attempting to solve the problem of greenhouse gas emission via taxation. Neoliberalism’s strong belief in the free-market economy and unregulated trade makes it hard to justify from the perspective any intervention in the market (Gilpin 1987:27). Neoliberalism also claims that politics should be separated from economics as much as possible, however global warming is clearly a situation that requires both a political and economic solution. Cleaver describes neoliberalism as â€Å"both an ideology and a strategy† (1997), meaning that it provides both the means and the ends of the global economy. Neoliberal thought regards global warming, like any other crisis to markets, as something that will be stabilized by the â€Å"invisible hand†, claiming that intervention by states will result in market inefficiency and will hinder (Beder 2001:129). Neoliberals believe that the solution to global warming either lies in a partnership between business and governments (Cleaver 1997) or that it lies in letting a free market devise its own solution as aforementioned (Beder 2001:129) for example as happened with the regime on ODS. Another proposed idea is the distribution of rights to areas that were previously considered global commons, such as the atmosphere in the belief that this will create a market for scarce resources, making them hugely expensive and therefore morel likely to be valued (ibid.p131) Some have argued that the implementation of the Kyoto protocol by states will benefit their internal economy as energy companies compete for green investment and are stimulated to develop new green technology (Valentine 2002). If the Protocol was enacted on a global level then states would compete to develop green technology in order to encourage business to invest. It is possible that under this situation the US could emerge a winner as it has the initial capital and technology which to invest in alternative technologies. 5.4 The Marxist perspective Marxist political economy has developed greatly since first put forward by Marx and Engles in the nineteenth century (Gilpin1987:34) and now takes many different forms. All forms of Marxism share in common some basic tenets, however only those relating to political economy will be considered here. The first is that history is shaped by the changing nature of economic production, the second that the capitalist mode of production and its future are governed by a series of economic laws (Gilpin 1987:35). Today Marxism has very little impact in the policy arena and has largely been relegated to academic studies. However Marxist views on the nature of capitalism are still relevant to the study of political economy. Marx saw the industrial revolution in Europe as based on the systematic exploitation of the working classes, today globalization can be seen as based on the principal only this time based on the exploitation of the developing world (Edwards-Jones et al 2000:16). Global environmental degradation is seen by today’s neo-Marxists as due to the nature of global capitalism, which will always aim to seek short term profitability and exploitation from the natural as well as human environment, with little thought for the long term consequences (ibid. p17). However one irony of Marxist thought is its belief that the natural environment is there to be exploited by science and technology, something that can be clearly seen in the former Soviet countries abysmal environmental record (ibid.) 6. Comparison of the two case studies The international regime to combat atmospheric release of ODS has been a resounding success as it has resulted in global production and consumption of ODS being reduced to 85% of what they were previous to the introduction of controls on them (Oberthur 2001:358). In comparison the Kyoto treaty lies largely in ruins, due mainly to pressure from business encouraging governments to refuse to ratify the treaty (Beder et al 1997). The final nail in the coffin has often been portrayed as the refusal of the Bush administration to ratify the treaty (Greenpeace 2001). However, it is arguable that the treaty had already been â€Å"killed† before then by others, such as France (Murray 2003). Environmental concerns are often seen by politicians and governments as less important than other issues, such as military security (Chalecki 2003). Despite attempts to redefine security, environmental issues have not made it high onto the agenda of many states, as such there is little political demand in government circles for states to act immediately, for example a selection of surveys of the US public from 2003-2004 show very little demand for political action on the environment (Polling Report 2004). 6.1 Economic comparison The economics of control of ODS were largely stacked in favour of banning them, especially for the US (DeCanio 2003:300). In 1987 the US chemical company Du Pont invented CFC substitutes over which it would have a production monopoly and would be able to dominate the market gap left by ceasing production of CFCs (Thomas 1992:225). Any treaty on ODS would have given the US an economic advantage as the export of CFCs could provide a lucrative income. The US stood to benefit enormously from the Montreal Protocol, even to the extent that it would have been economically viable for the US to adopt the entire cost of phasing out CFCs globally (Parson 1995:69). The US stood to gain an estimated $6.4 trillion by implementing the Montreal Protocol, mainly due to avoiding cancer deaths (ibid.). However, although US support was vital to the establishment of the international regime, it was not the sole cause and ozone depletion would not have been solved by a unilateral approach. In additio n to gains the US economy would benefit from as its assumed position as the main supplier of CFC substitutes (Thomas 1992:225) it was also attributable to the oligpolistic nature of CFC production, which was concentrated in the hands of just a few TNCs (Greer Singh 2000), for example DuPont controlled 25% of the global market (Thomas 1992:219). TNCs also eventually supported the campaign to legislate CFC production, knowing that they stood to gain (Greene 2001:402) graph showing reduction This is all a huge contrast to the economics of the Kyoto agreement. Figure 3 shows how there has been no significant decline in greenhouse gas output despite the attempts. To reach the targets of greenhouse gas reduction would require most developed states to restructure their entire economies away from fossil fuels and towards renewable energies. Although scientific evidence for global warming is strong, it is still far from irrefutable in the way ozone depletion is (cf. Lomborg 1998). There are many different models of what is likely to happen with huge differences in the amount, or in some cases lack of, global warming that will occur (Beckerman 1992:258). There is also no consensus on the role of â€Å"carbon sinks† such as forests and the oceans which it is argued may keep global warming in equilibrium due to absorbing CO2, the main greenhouse gas. This has allowed corporations and business concerns of all sizes the opportunity to claim that the science behind glob al warming is flawed and that the problem is not real (Beder et al 1997). Businesses in all developed states launched a protracted lobbying campaign against legislative bodies, aiming at getting the Protocol blocked. In the US a multitude of business interest groups were formed, with one spending  £10million on TV advertising alone to persuade the public that Kyoto would cost jobs and money (ibid.). The biggest hindrance to any solution to global warming is the reluctance of the US to get involved in any treaty that may harm their economy, despite accounting for 25% of global greenhouse gas output in 2003 yet with only 4.6% of the global population (NEF 2003:6). Figure 4 shows how the industrialized world accounts for more than a third of all greenhouse gas emissions, with half of that due to the US alone. In addition, many neoliberal think-tanks with vested interests, such as funding from environmentally harming industries have worked hard at producing academic evidence to pr ove the hugely negative impact that any treaty on global warming would have, both theoretically and economically (Beder 2001). 6.3 Game Theory analysis The model of situation the international community and states find themselves in is also different with each of the treaties. The Montreal Protocol can be seen as a â€Å"privilege† type game, where the benefits to each actor outweigh the costs (Toke 2000:51). The Montreal Protocol allowed every state to â€Å"win†; those in the developing world received the finance to move away from CFC production so it cost them very little. The US also gained due to increasing its market share and everyone gained by the ozone layer being saved. In contrast global warming is seen as a classic prisoners’ dilemma, where the stakes are zero-sum and the only positive outcome depends on the cooperation of all involved and an absence free-riding (Toke 2000:51). Another issue lies in the different construction of the two regimes. Although the UNFCCC regime was based upon the structure of the WTO, it lacked primary rules that were agreed on by all participant states (Faure Lefevre 1999:144). Primary rules are those which define the behaviour of each member state and affect how much behaviour must change on joining the regime. This can account for why the UNFCCC has been less successful than the Montreal Protocol. The goals of the Montreal Protocol required only a limited number of changes in state behaviour, whereas the UNFCCC would require large scale changes by both industry and individuals (ibid.) 6.4 The global economic context Another significant problem with global warming regimes is the development aspect (Beckerman 1992:255). While countries in the developed world were able to finance the replacement of ODS in developing states through the MLF, to do so with global warming would be impossible due to the huge costs involved. Unlike trade and economic agreements, environmental ones are rarely legally binding and often amount to being voluntary (NEF 2003:4), as such there is no international adjudicator for solving disputes or enforcement in the manner of the WTO. The NEF 2003 report suggests that states wishing to achieve the goals of the Kyoto Protocol place trade barriers and import taxes on states failing to comply with the Protocol, however this largely goes against the dominant neoliberal principal of free trade. The World Bank has a Climate Change department which aims to provide the framework for a global carbon emission trading system (Carbon Finance 2004) however this system has not yet fully come into force. 7. Conclusion From the above evidence I would argue that based on current events a universal to global warming is unlikely to happen at any point in the near future. The two case studies provide good models of how global issues of environmental degradation can be solved or what may prevent them being solved. Problems or advantages lie in the economics of the problem, the science or technology involved with the problem, the form of the decision making process and issues concerning development all contribute to the likely success or failure of international environmental regimes. The most likely solution is one which embraces neoliberal ideology and provides an acceptable economic solution to all states or a shift in global priorities brought about by apparent and conclusive effects of global warming. The ideas outline in the NEF 2003 document may go someway to providing a solution if adopted on a global level. 8. Bibliography 8.1 Books Buzan, B. et al (1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Lynne Rienner: Colorado, US) Edwards-Jones, G. et al (2000) Ecological Economics: An Introduction (Blackwell Science: Oxford) Gilpin, R. (1987) The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton University Press) Hardy, J. (2003) Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions (Wiley: London) Held, D. et al (2000) Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Polity Press: London) Lomborg, B. (1998) The Skeptical Environmentalist (Cambridge University Press) Sjà ¶stedt, G. (1993) International Environmental Negotiations (Sage) Thomas, C. (1992) The Environment in International Relations (Royal Institute of International Affairs) Toke, D. (2000) Green Politics and Neoliberalism (Macmillan: Basingstoke) 8.2 Edited Books Beckerman, W. (1992) â€Å"Global Warming and Economic Action† in Hurrel, A. Kingsbury, B. eds. The International Politics of the Environment (Clarendon Press: Oxford) Blackmore, R. (1996) â€Å"Damage to the ozone layer† in Blackmore, R. Reddish, A. Global Environmental Issues (Hodder Stoughton) Faure, M. Lefevere, J. (1999) â€Å"Compliance with International Environmental Agreements† in Vig, N. Axelrod, R. eds. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Earthscan: London) Greene, O. (2001) â€Å"Environmental Issues† in Baylis, J. Smith, S. eds. The Globalization of World Politics (Oxford University Press: Oxford) Molitor, M. (1999) â€Å"The United Nations Climate Change Agreements† in Vig, N. Axelrod, R. eds. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Earthscan: London) Paarlberg, R. (1999) â€Å"Lapsed Leadership: US International Environmental Policy Since Rio in Vig, N. Axelrod, R. eds. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Earthscan: London) Parson, E. (1995) â€Å"Protecting the Ozone Layer† in Hass, P. et al eds. Institutions for the Earth (1995) (MIT Press: London) Ross, S. Blackmore R. (1996) â€Å"Atmospheres and climate change† in Blackmore, R. Reddish, A. eds. Global Environmental Issues (Hodder Stoughton) Vig, N. (1999) â€Å"Introduction† in Vig, N. Axelrod, R. eds. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Earthscan: London) Woods, N. (2001) â€Å"International Political Economy in an age of globalization† in Baylis, J. Smith, S. eds. The Globalization of World Politics (Oxford University Press: Oxford) 8.3 Journal Articles Beder, S. (2001) â€Å"Neoliberal Think Tanks and Free Market Environmentalism† Environmental Politics Vol.10:pp128-133 Conybeare, J. (1984) â€Å"Public Goods, Prisoners Dilemmas and the International Political Economy† International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28:1:pp. 5-22. DeCanio, S. (2003) â€Å"Economic Analysis, Environmental Policy, and Intergenerational Justice in the Reagan Administration† International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law Economics Vol.3:pp299-321 Hardin, G. (1968) â€Å"The Tragedy of the Commons† Science Vol.164:pp1243-1248 Oberthà ¼r, S. (2001) â€Å"Linkages between the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols† International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law Economics Vol.1:pp357-377 8.4 Reports ITE (1997) â€Å"Scientific Report of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology 1997-98† ceh.ac.uk/products_services/publications/online/annual/97-98/ (Institute of Terrestrial Ecology) UNEP (2002) â€Å"Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002† unep.org/ozone/sap2002.shtml retrieved 15/3/04 (United Nations Environment Program) 8.5 Online Sources Bello, W. (2003) â€Å"The Crisis of the Globalist Project and the New Economics of George W. Bush† globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/2003/0710bello.htm (Global Policy Forum) Retrieved 14/3/03 Carbon Finance (2004) â€Å"Carbon Finance Products of the World Bank† http://carbonfinance.org/ (Carbon Finance at the World Bank) Retrieved 20/3/04 Chalecki, E. (2003) â€Å"Environmental Security: A Case Study of Climate Change† pacinst.org/environment_and_security/env_security_and_climate change.pdf (Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security) Retrieved 20/3/04 CIA (2002) â€Å"United States of America† cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/us.html (CIA World Factbook 2003) Retrieved 20/3/04 Cleaver, H. (1997) Nature, Neoliberalism and Sustainable Development: Between Charybdis Scylla?† eco.utexas.edu/Homepages/Faculty/Cleaver/port.html Retrieved 18/3/04 FOE (2004) â€Å"Who We Are† foe.org/about/whoweare.html (Friends of the Earth) Retrieved 20/3/04 Fraser, A. (2003) ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadGreenhouse.html Retrieved 1/3/04 Gow Pidwiny http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/greenhouse.html Retrieved 29/3/04 Greenpeace (2001) â€Å"The Climate Cannot Wait for Bush† http://archive.greenpeace.org/climate/climatecountdown/documents /clicantwait.pdf Retrieved 18/3/04 Greenpeace (2004) â€Å"About Us† greenpeace.org/international_en/aboutus Retrieved 20/3/04 Greer, J. Singh, K. (2000) â€Å"A Brief History of Transnational Corporations† globalpolicy.org/socecon/tncs/historytncs.htm#bk2_ft22 (Global Policy Forum) Retrieved 20/3/04 Murray, I. (2003) â€Å"Who Killed Kyoto?† techcentralstation.com/052003M.html (TechCentral Station) retrieved 16/3/04 NEF (2003) â€Å"Free Riding on the Climate† neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_PublicationDetail.aspx?pid=167 (New Economics Foundation) Retrieved 15/3/04 Pakerr, L. (2002) â€Å"Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases† policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/crs_climate_change_market.shtml (Almanac of Policy Issues) retrieved 12/3/04 Rockwell, L. (2003) â€Å"Mercantilism USA† mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1283 (Ludwig von Mises Institute) retrieved 13/3/04 Schwarz, P. (2001) â€Å"Transatlantic relations enter an ice age† wsws.org/articles/2001/apr2001/eur-a06.shtml (World Socialist Website) retrieved 14/3/04 UNEP (2003) â€Å"Chemicals Phase Out Schedules† unep.org/ozone/Public_Information/4Aiv_PublicInfo_Facts_che micals.asp retrieved 15/3/04 8.6 Newspaper Articles Beder, S. et al (1997) â€Å"Who Killed Kyoto?† The Guardian, 29th October 1997, p. 4 Hunt, T. (2004) â€Å"Industrial Evolution† The Guardian, 12th January 2004-03-21 guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1120734,00.html Research Papers on The Political and Economic Issues of Global Warming and the Ozone Layer - Earth Science EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemEffects of Television Violence on Children